fix vacuous e2e dedupe assertion

# Conflicts:
#	internal/virtual/engine.go
#	internal/virtual/engine_test.go

README.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # ArtifactAPI
 
-Caching proxy for package repositories. Single Go binary, 11 package types, content-addressable storage, managed by Terraform.
+Caching proxy for package repositories. Single Go binary, 12 package types, content-addressable storage, managed by Terraform.
 
 ## Quick Start
 
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ API: `http://localhost:8000` | Frontend: `http://localhost:5173`
 | `terraform` | `*/versions` | `*/download/*/*` |
 | `goproxy` | `@v/list`, `@latest` | `.info`, `.mod`, `.zip` |
 | `cargo` | sparse index files (`config.json` synthesized) | `crates/*/*.crate` |
+| `nuget` | `index.json` (service index), registration and flat container indexes | `.nupkg`, `.nuspec` |
 | `github_rpm` | `repodata/*` (synthesized) | `.rpm` (redirected) |
 
 Providers classify paths automatically. Users only configure what to proxy and TTLs.
@@ -371,6 +372,8 @@ additive and idempotent for the same reason; a test enforces it.
 | `GITHUB_APP_INSTALLATION_ID` | | GitHub App installation id |
 | `GITHUB_APP_PRIVATE_KEY` | | GitHub App private key, inline PEM |
 | `GITHUB_APP_PRIVATE_KEY_PATH` | | GitHub App private key, file path (alternative to inline PEM) |
+| `ARTIFACTAPI_OIDC_ISSUER` | | OIDC issuer URL (e.g. Vault `https://vault.service.consul:8200/v1/identity/oidc`). When set, `POST /api/v2/remotes`, `POST /api/v2/virtuals` and `PUT`/`DELETE` on `/api/v2/{remotes,virtuals}/{name}` require `Authorization: Bearer <jwt>` verified against the issuer's JWKS. Uploads, object/file deletes, probe, reads and `/v2` stay open. Unset = no auth |
+| `ARTIFACTAPI_OIDC_AUDIENCE` | | Comma-separated allowed `aud` values (e.g. the Vault OIDC role's client_id). Required when `ARTIFACTAPI_OIDC_ISSUER` is set |
 
 ## Development
 

e2e-docker/README.md

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ already-running stack.
 
 - **Repository lifecycle** — add / change / delete for remote, local and virtual repos.
 - **Caching** — one immutable artifact per remote package type (generic, docker,
-  helm, pypi, npm, rpm, alpine, puppet, terraform, goproxy, cargo) proxied through the
+  helm, pypi, npm, rpm, alpine, puppet, terraform, goproxy, cargo, nuget) proxied through the
   mock upstream: first fetch `X-Artifact-Source: remote`, second `cache`, bytes
   verified against the origin fixture.
 - **Local uploads** — generic (upload/download), pypi (wheel + generated `simple/`

e2e-docker/caching_test.go

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ func TestCachingPerProvider(t *testing.T) {
 		{"puppet", "puppet-releases/author-mod-1.0.0.tar.gz", "puppet-releases/author-mod-1.0.0.tar.gz"},
 		{"goproxy", "goproxy/example.com/mod/@v/v1.0.0.zip", "goproxy/example.com/mod/@v/v1.0.0.zip"},
 		{"cargo", "crates/mycrate/mycrate-1.0.0.crate", "crates/mycrate/mycrate-1.0.0.crate"},
+		{"nuget", "nuget/e2epkg/1.0.0/e2epkg.1.0.0.nupkg", "nuget/e2epkg/1.0.0/e2epkg.1.0.0.nupkg"},
 		{"terraform", "hashicorp/aws/download/pkg.zip", "v1/providers/hashicorp/aws/download/pkg.zip"},
 		{"docker", "library/testimg/blobs/blobdata", "v2/library/testimg/blobs/blobdata"},
 	}

e2e-docker/virtual_test.go

@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
+
+	"git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/internal/testsupport"
 )
 
 // TestVirtualPyPIMerge uploads different packages to two pypi locals and
@@ -136,3 +138,104 @@ func TestVirtualRPMMerge(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("real dnf against rpm virtual failed: %v\n%s", err, out)
 	}
 }
+
+// TestVirtualDebMerge merges two local deb repos carrying the same package: the
+// first member wins the duplicate, and a real apt sees both members' packages
+// and installs through the virtual.
+func TestVirtualDebMerge(t *testing.T) {
+	createRepo(t, `{"name":"vdeb-a","package_type":"deb","repo_type":"local"}`)
+	createRepo(t, `{"name":"vdeb-b","package_type":"deb","repo_type":"local"}`)
+	defer deleteRepo(t, "vdeb-a")
+	defer deleteRepo(t, "vdeb-b")
+
+	uploadFile(t, "vdeb-a", "vdeb-one_1.0.0_amd64.deb", testsupport.MinimalDeb("vdeb-one", "1.0.0", "amd64"), "application/vnd.debian.binary-package")
+	uploadFile(t, "vdeb-b", "vdeb-one_1.0.0_amd64.deb", testsupport.MinimalDeb("vdeb-one", "1.0.0", "amd64"), "application/vnd.debian.binary-package")
+	uploadFile(t, "vdeb-b", "vdeb-two_2.0.0_amd64.deb", testsupport.MinimalDeb("vdeb-two", "2.0.0", "amd64"), "application/vnd.debian.binary-package")
+
+	// Local indexes regenerate asynchronously; merge only once vdeb-b lists both.
+	deadline := time.Now().Add(15 * time.Second)
+	for {
+		resp, body := doRequest(t, http.MethodGet, api("/api/v1/local/vdeb-b/Packages"), nil, "")
+		if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusOK && strings.Contains(string(body), "vdeb-two") || time.Now().After(deadline) {
+			break
+		}
+		time.Sleep(500 * time.Millisecond)
+	}
+
+	createVirtual(t, `{"name":"vdeb","package_type":"deb","members":["vdeb-a","vdeb-b"]}`)
+	defer deleteVirtual(t, "vdeb")
+
+	_, body := doRequest(t, http.MethodGet, api("/api/v1/virtual/vdeb/Packages"), nil, "")
+	pk := string(body)
+	if strings.Count(pk, "Package: vdeb-one\n") != 1 || !strings.Contains(pk, "Filename: vdeb-a/pool/vdeb-one_1.0.0_amd64.deb") ||
+		!strings.Contains(pk, "Filename: vdeb-b/pool/vdeb-two_2.0.0_amd64.deb") {
+		t.Fatalf("merged Packages should hold vdeb-one from the first member and vdeb-two:\n%s", pk)
+	}
+
+	network := os.Getenv("COMPOSE_NETWORK")
+	internal := os.Getenv("ARTIFACTAPI_INTERNAL")
+	if network == "" || internal == "" {
+		t.Skip("COMPOSE_NETWORK/ARTIFACTAPI_INTERNAL not set; skipping real apt")
+	}
+	if _, err := exec.LookPath("docker"); err != nil {
+		t.Skip("docker not available on the test host")
+	}
+	script := "set -euo pipefail; " +
+		"rm -f /etc/apt/sources.list.d/*; " +
+		"echo \"deb [trusted=yes] $URL ./\" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/vdeb.list; " +
+		"apt-get update; " +
+		"apt-cache policy vdeb-one vdeb-two | tee /dev/stderr | grep -c virtual/vdeb | grep -qx 2; " +
+		"apt-get install -y vdeb-one vdeb-two; " +
+		"dpkg -s vdeb-one vdeb-two"
+	out, err := exec.Command("docker", "run", "--rm", "--network", network,
+		"-e", "URL="+strings.TrimRight(internal, "/")+"/api/v1/virtual/vdeb/",
+		"debian:13", "bash", "-c", script).CombinedOutput()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("real apt against deb virtual failed: %v\n%s", err, out)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestVirtualDebSuite merges two proxied deb.debian.org remotes and drives a
+// real apt through the virtual's dists/<suite> layout (by-hash indexes).
+func TestVirtualDebSuite(t *testing.T) {
+	network := os.Getenv("COMPOSE_NETWORK")
+	internal := os.Getenv("ARTIFACTAPI_INTERNAL")
+	if network == "" || internal == "" {
+		t.Skip("COMPOSE_NETWORK/ARTIFACTAPI_INTERNAL not set; skipping real apt")
+	}
+	if _, err := exec.LookPath("docker"); err != nil {
+		t.Skip("docker not available on the test host")
+	}
+	for _, n := range []string{"vdebs-a", "vdebs-b"} {
+		createRepo(t, `{"name":"`+n+`","package_type":"deb","repo_type":"remote","base_url":"http://deb.debian.org/debian"}`)
+		defer deleteRepo(t, n)
+	}
+	createVirtual(t, `{"name":"vdebs","package_type":"deb","members":["vdebs-a","vdebs-b"]}`)
+	defer deleteVirtual(t, "vdebs")
+
+	resp, rel := doRequest(t, http.MethodGet, api("/api/v1/virtual/vdebs/dists/trixie-updates/Release"), nil, "")
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK || !strings.Contains(string(rel), "Acquire-By-Hash: yes\n") ||
+		!strings.Contains(string(rel), " main/binary-amd64/Packages.gz\n") {
+		t.Fatalf("merged suite Release: status %d:\n%s", resp.StatusCode, rel)
+	}
+
+	script := "set -euo pipefail; " +
+		"rm -f /etc/apt/sources.list.d/*; " +
+		"echo \"deb [trusted=yes] $URL trixie-updates main\" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/vdebs.list; " +
+		"apt-get update; " +
+		"idx=/tmp/avail; apt-cache dumpavail > $idx; " +
+		"grep -q '^Filename: vdebs-a/pool/' $idx; if grep -q '^Filename: vdebs-b/' $idx; then echo 'vdebs-b not deduped'; exit 1; fi; " +
+		"pkg=$(awk '/^Package:/{p=$2} /^Size:/{if(!m||$2<m){m=$2;b=p}} END{print b}' $idx); " +
+		"cd /tmp && apt-get download $pkg && ls -l /tmp/*.deb"
+	out, err := exec.Command("docker", "run", "--rm", "--network", network,
+		"-e", "URL="+strings.TrimRight(internal, "/")+"/api/v1/virtual/vdebs/",
+		"debian:13", "bash", "-c", script).CombinedOutput()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("real apt against deb virtual suite failed: %v\n%s", err, out)
+	}
+	t.Logf("%s", out)
+	resp, _ = doRequest(t, http.MethodGet, api("/api/v1/remote/vdebs-a/dists/trixie-updates/main/binary-amd64/Packages.xz"), nil, "")
+	if src := resp.Header.Get("X-Artifact-Source"); resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK || src != "cache" {
+		t.Fatalf("member index the virtual merged should be cached: status %d source %q", resp.StatusCode, src)
+	}
+}

go.mod

@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@ require (
 	github.com/cavaliergopher/rpm v1.3.0
 	github.com/charmbracelet/bubbletea v1.3.10
 	github.com/charmbracelet/lipgloss v1.1.0
+	github.com/coreos/go-oidc/v3 v3.21.0
 	github.com/go-chi/chi/v5 v5.3.0
+	github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.4
 	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0
 	github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.10.0
 	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.19.2
@@ -102,6 +104,7 @@ require (
 	go.uber.org/atomic v1.11.0 // indirect
 	go.yaml.in/yaml/v3 v3.0.4 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/net v0.56.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.36.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sys v0.47.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/text v0.40.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.67.2 // indirect

go.sum

@@ -44,6 +44,8 @@ github.com/containerd/log v0.1.0 h1:TCJt7ioM2cr/tfR8GPbGf9/VRAX8D2B4PjzCpfX540I=
 github.com/containerd/log v0.1.0/go.mod h1:VRRf09a7mHDIRezVKTRCrOq78v577GXq3bSa3EhrzVo=
 github.com/containerd/platforms v0.2.1 h1:zvwtM3rz2YHPQsF2CHYM8+KtB5dvhISiXh5ZpSBQv6A=
 github.com/containerd/platforms v0.2.1/go.mod h1:XHCb+2/hzowdiut9rkudds9bE5yJ7npe7dG/wG+uFPw=
+github.com/coreos/go-oidc/v3 v3.21.0 h1:wZo4Q9Pum8dYEj0eMUPrqR+kvuGkeUplbLpNCkBqoWM=
+github.com/coreos/go-oidc/v3 v3.21.0/go.mod h1:DYCf24+ncYi+XkIH97GY1+dqoRlbaSI26KVTCI9SrY4=
 github.com/cpuguy83/dockercfg v0.3.2 h1:DlJTyZGBDlXqUZ2Dk2Q3xHs/FtnooJJVaad2S9GKorA=
 github.com/cpuguy83/dockercfg v0.3.2/go.mod h1:sugsbF4//dDlL/i+S+rtpIWp+5h0BHJHfjj5/jFyUJc=
 github.com/creack/pty v1.1.24 h1:bJrF4RRfyJnbTJqzRLHzcGaZK1NeM5kTC9jGgovnR1s=
@@ -67,6 +69,8 @@ github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.1.0 h1:3YtUj32ZZkqZtt3sZZsClsymw/QDuVfpNhoA31zeO
 github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.1.0/go.mod h1:Zqxgdd+1Rkcz8euOqdr7lqgCRJztwr5hp9vDSi5UZCE=
 github.com/go-chi/chi/v5 v5.3.0 h1:halUjDxhshgXHMrao5bB8eNBXo/rnzwr8m5m36glehM=
 github.com/go-chi/chi/v5 v5.3.0/go.mod h1:R+tYY2hNuVUUjxoPtqUdgBqevM9s9njzkTLutVsOCto=
+github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.4 h1:moDMcTHmvE6Groj34emNPLs/qtYXRVcd6S7NHbHz3kA=
+github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.4/go.mod h1:x4oUasVrzR7071A4TnHLGSPpNOm2a21K9Kf04k1rs08=
 github.com/go-logr/logr v1.2.2/go.mod h1:jdQByPbusPIv2/zmleS9BjJVeZ6kBagPoEUsqbVz/1A=
 github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.3 h1:CjnDlHq8ikf6E492q6eKboGOC0T8CDaOvkHCIg8idEI=
 github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.3/go.mod h1:9T104GzyrTigFIr8wt5mBrctHMim0Nb2HLGrmQ40KvY=
@@ -225,6 +229,8 @@ golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20231006140011-7918f672742d h1:jtJma62tbqLibJ5sFQz8bKtEM
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20231006140011-7918f672742d/go.mod h1:ldy0pHrwJyGW56pPQzzkH36rKxoZW1tw7ZJpeKx+hdo=
 golang.org/x/net v0.56.0 h1:Rw8j/hFzGvJUZwNBXnAtf5sVDVt+65SK2C7IxCxZt5o=
 golang.org/x/net v0.56.0/go.mod h1:D3Ku6r+V6JROoZK144D2XfMHFcMq/0zSfLelVTCFKec=
+golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.36.0 h1:peZ/1z27fi9hUOFCAZaHyrpWG5lwe0RJEEEeH0ThlIs=
+golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.36.0/go.mod h1:YDBUJMTkDnJS+A4BP4eZBjCqtokkg1hODuPjwiGPO7Q=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.22.0 h1:SZjpbeLmrCk4xhRSZFNZW5gFUeCeFgjekvI/+gfScek=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.22.0/go.mod h1:9xrNwdLfx4jkKbNva9FpL6vEN7evnE43NNNJQ2LF3+0=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190916202348-b4ddaad3f8a3/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=

internal/api/v1/proxy.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package v1
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
@@ -105,13 +106,24 @@ func (h *ProxyHandler) handleProxy(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	}
 	defer result.Reader.Close()
 
+	var body io.Reader = result.Reader
+	if sr, ok := prov.(provider.ServeRewriter); ok && prov.Classify(path) == provider.Mutable {
+		raw, err := io.ReadAll(result.Reader)
+		if err != nil {
+			http.Error(w, "bad gateway", http.StatusBadGateway)
+			return
+		}
+		raw = sr.RewriteServed(raw, *remote, fmt.Sprintf("%s://%s", scheme(r), r.Host))
+		body, result.Size = bytes.NewReader(raw), int64(len(raw))
+	}
+
 	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", result.ContentType)
 	w.Header().Set("X-Artifact-Source", result.Source)
 	if result.Size > 0 {
 		w.Header().Set("X-Artifact-Size", fmt.Sprintf("%d", result.Size))
 	}
 	w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
-	io.Copy(w, result.Reader)
+	io.Copy(w, body)
 }
 
 func (h *ProxyHandler) handleProxyHead(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {

internal/auth/oidc.go

@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+package auth
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"log/slog"
+	"net/http"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/coreos/go-oidc/v3/oidc"
+)
+
+// BearerOIDC verifies `Authorization: Bearer <jwt>` against an OIDC issuer's
+// JWKS. Discovery is lazy so startup never depends on the issuer being
+// reachable; a failed discovery is not retried until the backoff elapses.
+type BearerOIDC struct {
+	issuer    string
+	audiences []string
+	timeout   time.Duration
+	backoff   time.Duration
+	discover  func(context.Context, string) (*oidc.Provider, error)
+
+	mu       sync.Mutex
+	verifier *oidc.IDTokenVerifier
+	inflight chan struct{}
+	failedAt time.Time
+}
+
+var errIssuerUnavailable = errors.New("oidc issuer unavailable")
+
+// NewBearerOIDC returns nil when issuer is empty, meaning auth is disabled.
+func NewBearerOIDC(issuer string, audiences []string) *BearerOIDC {
+	if issuer == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return &BearerOIDC{issuer: issuer, audiences: audiences, timeout: 10 * time.Second, backoff: 15 * time.Second, discover: oidc.NewProvider}
+}
+
+// getVerifier runs at most one discovery at a time without holding the lock
+// across network I/O; concurrent callers wait for it, and only callers within
+// the post-failure backoff fail fast.
+func (b *BearerOIDC) getVerifier(ctx context.Context) (*oidc.IDTokenVerifier, error) {
+	b.mu.Lock()
+	if v := b.verifier; v != nil {
+		b.mu.Unlock()
+		return v, nil
+	}
+	if done := b.inflight; done != nil {
+		b.mu.Unlock()
+		select {
+		case <-done:
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return nil, ctx.Err()
+		}
+		b.mu.Lock()
+		defer b.mu.Unlock()
+		if b.verifier == nil {
+			return nil, errIssuerUnavailable
+		}
+		return b.verifier, nil
+	}
+	if time.Since(b.failedAt) < b.backoff {
+		b.mu.Unlock()
+		return nil, errIssuerUnavailable
+	}
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	b.inflight = done
+	b.mu.Unlock()
+
+	v, err := b.discoverOnce(done)
+	if err != nil {
+		slog.Error("oidc discovery failed", "issuer", b.issuer, "error", err)
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return v, nil
+}
+
+// discoverOnce releases inflight and waiters on every exit, a panic included,
+// recording failedAt unless discovery succeeded.
+func (b *BearerOIDC) discoverOnce(done chan struct{}) (v *oidc.IDTokenVerifier, err error) {
+	defer func() {
+		b.mu.Lock()
+		b.inflight = nil
+		if v == nil {
+			b.failedAt = time.Now()
+		}
+		b.verifier = v
+		b.mu.Unlock()
+		close(done)
+	}()
+	// The provider keeps this context and client for JWKS refreshes, so the
+	// deadline lives on the client rather than the context.
+	client := &http.Client{Timeout: b.timeout}
+	p, err := b.discover(oidc.ClientContext(context.Background(), client), b.issuer)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return p.Verifier(&oidc.Config{SkipClientIDCheck: true}), nil
+}
+
+// Require gates every request through next on a valid token. A nil receiver
+// passes everything through.
+func (b *BearerOIDC) Require(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
+	if b == nil {
+		return next
+	}
+	return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		scheme, raw, _ := strings.Cut(strings.TrimSpace(r.Header.Get("Authorization")), " ")
+		raw = strings.TrimSpace(raw)
+		if !strings.EqualFold(scheme, "Bearer") || raw == "" {
+			unauthorized(w, "missing bearer token")
+			return
+		}
+		v, err := b.getVerifier(r.Context())
+		if err != nil {
+			w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusServiceUnavailable)
+			_, _ = w.Write([]byte(`{"error":"token issuer unavailable"}`))
+			return
+		}
+		tok, err := v.Verify(r.Context(), raw)
+		if err != nil {
+			slog.Info("bearer token rejected", "error", err)
+			unauthorized(w, "invalid token")
+			return
+		}
+		if len(b.audiences) > 0 && !slices.ContainsFunc(tok.Audience, func(a string) bool { return slices.Contains(b.audiences, a) }) {
+			slog.Info("bearer token rejected", "error", "audience not allowed", "aud", tok.Audience)
+			unauthorized(w, "invalid token")
+			return
+		}
+		slog.Info("bearer token accepted", "sub", tok.Subject, "method", r.Method, "path", r.URL.Path)
+		next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
+	})
+}
+
+// RequireWrites gates only mutating methods.
+func (b *BearerOIDC) RequireWrites(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
+	gated := b.Require(next)
+	return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		switch r.Method {
+		case http.MethodGet, http.MethodHead, http.MethodOptions:
+			next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
+		default:
+			gated.ServeHTTP(w, r)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func unauthorized(w http.ResponseWriter, msg string) {
+	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	w.Header().Set("WWW-Authenticate", "Bearer")
+	w.WriteHeader(http.StatusUnauthorized)
+	_, _ = w.Write([]byte(`{"error":"` + msg + `"}`))
+}

internal/auth/oidc_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+package auth
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/rsa"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"strconv"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/coreos/go-oidc/v3/oidc"
+	"github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4"
+	"github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4/jwt"
+
+	"git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/internal/testsupport"
+)
+
+func serve(h http.Handler, method, token string) int {
+	if token == "" {
+		return serveAuth(h, method, "")
+	}
+	return serveAuth(h, method, "Bearer "+token)
+}
+
+func serveAuth(h http.Handler, method, authz string) int {
+	r := httptest.NewRequest(method, "/x", nil)
+	if authz != "" {
+		r.Header.Set("Authorization", authz)
+	}
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	h.ServeHTTP(w, r)
+	return w.Code
+}
+
+func claims(iss string) jwt.Claims {
+	now := time.Now()
+	return jwt.Claims{
+		Issuer:   iss,
+		Subject:  "ci",
+		Audience: jwt.Audience{"artifactapi"},
+		IssuedAt: jwt.NewNumericDate(now.Add(-time.Minute)),
+		Expiry:   jwt.NewNumericDate(now.Add(time.Hour)),
+	}
+}
+
+func hs256Token(t *testing.T, c jwt.Claims) string {
+	sig, err := jose.NewSigner(jose.SigningKey{Algorithm: jose.HS256, Key: []byte("0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef")},
+		(&jose.SignerOptions{}).WithType("JWT").WithHeader("kid", "k1"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	tok, err := jwt.Signed(sig).Claims(c).Serialize()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	return tok
+}
+
+func noneToken(iss string) string {
+	enc := base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString
+	return enc([]byte(`{"alg":"none","typ":"JWT","kid":"k1"}`)) + "." +
+		enc([]byte(`{"iss":"`+iss+`","sub":"ci","aud":"artifactapi","exp":`+strconv.FormatInt(time.Now().Add(time.Hour).Unix(), 10)+`}`)) + "."
+}
+
+var ok = http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNoContent) })
+
+func TestBearerOIDC(t *testing.T) {
+	iss := testsupport.NewOIDCIssuer()
+	defer iss.Close()
+	h := NewBearerOIDC(iss.URL, []string{"other", "artifactapi"}).Require(ok)
+
+	otherKey, _ := rsa.GenerateKey(rand.Reader, 2048)
+	cases := []struct {
+		name  string
+		token string
+		want  int
+	}{
+		{"valid", iss.Token(nil, "artifactapi", "ci", time.Hour), http.StatusNoContent},
+		{"missing", "", http.StatusUnauthorized},
+		{"garbage", "not.a.jwt", http.StatusUnauthorized},
+		{"bad signature", iss.Token(otherKey, "artifactapi", "ci", time.Hour), http.StatusUnauthorized},
+		{"wrong aud", iss.Token(nil, "nope", "ci", time.Hour), http.StatusUnauthorized},
+		{"expired", iss.Token(nil, "artifactapi", "ci", -time.Hour), http.StatusUnauthorized},
+		{"wrong iss", iss.Sign(nil, claims("https://evil.example")), http.StatusUnauthorized},
+		{"hs256", hs256Token(t, claims(iss.URL)), http.StatusUnauthorized},
+		{"alg none", noneToken(iss.URL), http.StatusUnauthorized},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		if got := serve(h, http.MethodPost, c.token); got != c.want {
+			t.Errorf("%s: status %d, want %d", c.name, got, c.want)
+		}
+	}
+
+	valid := iss.Token(nil, "artifactapi", "ci", time.Hour)
+	headers := []struct {
+		name  string
+		authz string
+		want  int
+	}{
+		{"lowercase scheme", "bearer " + valid, http.StatusNoContent},
+		{"extra whitespace", "  Bearer   " + valid + " ", http.StatusNoContent},
+		{"empty value", "Bearer ", http.StatusUnauthorized},
+		{"scheme only", "Bearer", http.StatusUnauthorized},
+		{"basic scheme", "Basic " + valid, http.StatusUnauthorized},
+	}
+	for _, c := range headers {
+		if got := serveAuth(h, http.MethodPost, c.authz); got != c.want {
+			t.Errorf("%s: status %d, want %d", c.name, got, c.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBearerOIDCHangingIssuerBacksOff(t *testing.T) {
+	var hits atomic.Int32
+	release := make(chan struct{})
+	srv := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		hits.Add(1)
+		select {
+		case <-r.Context().Done():
+		case <-release:
+		}
+	}))
+	defer srv.Close()
+	defer close(release)
+
+	b := NewBearerOIDC(srv.URL, nil)
+	b.timeout = 100 * time.Millisecond
+	b.backoff = time.Hour
+	h := b.Require(ok)
+
+	start := time.Now()
+	if got := serve(h, http.MethodPost, "x.y.z"); got != http.StatusServiceUnavailable {
+		t.Fatalf("hanging issuer: status %d, want 503", got)
+	}
+	if d := time.Since(start); d > 2*time.Second {
+		t.Fatalf("hanging issuer: took %s, timeout not applied", d)
+	}
+	if got := serve(h, http.MethodPost, "x.y.z"); got != http.StatusServiceUnavailable {
+		t.Fatalf("during backoff: status %d, want 503", got)
+	}
+	if n := hits.Load(); n != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("issuer hit %d times, want 1", n)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBearerOIDCPanickingDiscoveryBacksOff(t *testing.T) {
+	b := NewBearerOIDC("http://issuer.invalid", nil)
+	b.backoff = time.Hour
+	b.discover = func(context.Context, string) (*oidc.Provider, error) { panic("boom") }
+	h := b.Require(ok)
+
+	func() {
+		defer func() { _ = recover() }()
+		serve(h, http.MethodPost, "x.y.z")
+	}()
+
+	got := make(chan int, 1)
+	go func() { got <- serve(h, http.MethodPost, "x.y.z") }()
+	select {
+	case code := <-got:
+		if code != http.StatusServiceUnavailable {
+			t.Fatalf("after panic: status %d, want 503", code)
+		}
+	case <-time.After(2 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("after panic: request hung on stale inflight discovery")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBearerOIDCConcurrentFirstRequestsWaitForDiscovery(t *testing.T) {
+	iss := testsupport.NewOIDCIssuer()
+	defer iss.Close()
+	var hits atomic.Int32
+	inner := iss.Config.Handler
+	iss.Config.Handler = http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		if r.URL.Path == "/.well-known/openid-configuration" {
+			hits.Add(1)
+			time.Sleep(200 * time.Millisecond)
+		}
+		inner.ServeHTTP(w, r)
+	})
+
+	h := NewBearerOIDC(iss.URL, nil).Require(ok)
+	tok := iss.Token(nil, "artifactapi", "ci", time.Hour)
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	codes := make([]int, 20)
+	for i := range codes {
+		wg.Add(1)
+		go func() {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			codes[i] = serve(h, http.MethodPost, tok)
+		}()
+	}
+	wg.Wait()
+	for i, c := range codes {
+		if c != http.StatusNoContent {
+			t.Errorf("request %d: status %d, want 204", i, c)
+		}
+	}
+	if n := hits.Load(); n != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("discovery hit %d times, want 1", n)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBearerOIDCRetriesAfterBackoff(t *testing.T) {
+	iss := testsupport.NewOIDCIssuer()
+	defer iss.Close()
+	b := NewBearerOIDC(iss.URL, nil)
+	b.failedAt = time.Now()
+	b.backoff = 50 * time.Millisecond
+	tok := iss.Token(nil, "artifactapi", "ci", time.Hour)
+	if got := serve(b.Require(ok), http.MethodPost, tok); got != http.StatusServiceUnavailable {
+		t.Fatalf("within backoff: status %d, want 503", got)
+	}
+	time.Sleep(60 * time.Millisecond)
+	if got := serve(b.Require(ok), http.MethodPost, tok); got != http.StatusNoContent {
+		t.Fatalf("after backoff: status %d, want 204", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBearerOIDCIssuerDown(t *testing.T) {
+	iss := testsupport.NewOIDCIssuer()
+	b := NewBearerOIDC(iss.URL, []string{"artifactapi"})
+	tok := iss.Token(nil, "artifactapi", "ci", time.Hour)
+	iss.Close()
+	if got := serve(b.Require(ok), http.MethodPost, tok); got != http.StatusServiceUnavailable {
+		t.Errorf("issuer down: status %d, want 503", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBearerOIDCDisabled(t *testing.T) {
+	if got := serve(NewBearerOIDC("", nil).RequireWrites(ok), http.MethodDelete, ""); got != http.StatusNoContent {
+		t.Errorf("disabled: status %d, want 204", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRequireWritesLeavesReadsOpen(t *testing.T) {
+	iss := testsupport.NewOIDCIssuer()
+	defer iss.Close()
+	h := NewBearerOIDC(iss.URL, []string{"artifactapi"}).RequireWrites(ok)
+	for _, m := range []string{http.MethodGet, http.MethodHead, http.MethodOptions} {
+		if got := serve(h, m, ""); got != http.StatusNoContent {
+			t.Errorf("%s: status %d, want 204", m, got)
+		}
+	}
+	for _, m := range []string{http.MethodPost, http.MethodPut, http.MethodDelete} {
+		if got := serve(h, m, ""); got != http.StatusUnauthorized {
+			t.Errorf("%s: status %d, want 401", m, got)
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/config/env.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"strconv"
+	"strings"
 )
 
 type Config struct {
@@ -56,6 +57,10 @@ type Config struct {
 	GitHubAppInstallationID string
 	GitHubAppPrivateKey     string
 	GitHubAppPrivateKeyPath string
+
+	// Bearer-JWT auth on configuration writes; empty issuer disables it.
+	OIDCIssuer    string
+	OIDCAudiences []string
 }
 
 func (c *Config) DatabaseDSN() string {
@@ -90,6 +95,17 @@ func Load() (*Config, error) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid GITHUB_SYNC_POLL_INTERVAL: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	oidcIssuer := getenv("ARTIFACTAPI_OIDC_ISSUER", "")
+	var oidcAudiences []string
+	for _, a := range strings.Split(getenv("ARTIFACTAPI_OIDC_AUDIENCE", ""), ",") {
+		if a = strings.TrimSpace(a); a != "" {
+			oidcAudiences = append(oidcAudiences, a)
+		}
+	}
+	if oidcIssuer != "" && len(oidcAudiences) == 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("ARTIFACTAPI_OIDC_AUDIENCE is required when ARTIFACTAPI_OIDC_ISSUER is set")
+	}
+
 	cfg := &Config{
 		ListenAddr: getenv("LISTEN_ADDR", ":8000"),
 
@@ -123,6 +139,9 @@ func Load() (*Config, error) {
 		GitHubAppInstallationID: getenv("GITHUB_APP_INSTALLATION_ID", ""),
 		GitHubAppPrivateKey:     getenv("GITHUB_APP_PRIVATE_KEY", ""),
 		GitHubAppPrivateKeyPath: getenv("GITHUB_APP_PRIVATE_KEY_PATH", ""),
+
+		OIDCIssuer:    oidcIssuer,
+		OIDCAudiences: oidcAudiences,
 	}
 
 	return cfg, nil

internal/config/env_test.go

@@ -64,3 +64,20 @@ func TestLoadInvalidPort(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error("expected error for invalid DBPORT")
 	}
 }
+
+func TestLoadOIDC(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("ARTIFACTAPI_OIDC_ISSUER", "https://vault.example/v1/identity/oidc")
+	t.Setenv("ARTIFACTAPI_OIDC_AUDIENCE", " a, ,b ")
+	cfg, err := Load()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("load: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(cfg.OIDCAudiences) != 2 || cfg.OIDCAudiences[0] != "a" || cfg.OIDCAudiences[1] != "b" {
+		t.Errorf("audiences = %q", cfg.OIDCAudiences)
+	}
+
+	t.Setenv("ARTIFACTAPI_OIDC_AUDIENCE", "")
+	if _, err := Load(); err == nil {
+		t.Error("expected error for issuer without audience")
+	}
+}

internal/provider/nuget/nuget.go

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+// Package nuget proxies a NuGet v3 feed: the service index, registration pages
+// and flat container indexes are mutable, .nupkg/.nuspec downloads immutable.
+package nuget
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"strings"
+
+	"git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/internal/auth"
+	"git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/internal/provider"
+	"git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/pkg/models"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	provider.Register(&Provider{})
+}
+
+// serviceIndex is the path clients use as their source URL; it maps to base_url.
+const serviceIndex = "index.json"
+
+type Provider struct{}
+
+func (p *Provider) Type() models.PackageType { return models.PackageNuGet }
+
+func (p *Provider) Classify(path string) provider.Mutability {
+	if isPackage(path) {
+		return provider.Immutable
+	}
+	return provider.Mutable
+}
+
+func (p *Provider) ContentType(path string) string {
+	switch {
+	case strings.HasSuffix(path, ".nupkg"):
+		return "application/octet-stream"
+	case strings.HasSuffix(path, ".nuspec"):
+		return "application/xml"
+	}
+	return "application/json"
+}
+
+// UpstreamURL maps index.json to base_url (the upstream service index) and any
+// other path to the same path on the base_url's origin, where nuget.org serves
+// v3-flatcontainer/ and v3/registration*/.
+func (p *Provider) UpstreamURL(remote models.Remote, path string) string {
+	path = strings.TrimLeft(path, "/")
+	if path == serviceIndex {
+		return remote.BaseURL
+	}
+	return origin(remote.BaseURL) + "/" + path
+}
+
+func (p *Provider) RewriteResponse(_ []byte, _ models.Remote, _ string) ([]byte, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+// RewriteServed points upstream-origin URLs in cached JSON back at this remote.
+// It runs per request because the URLs must name the requesting host.
+func (p *Provider) RewriteServed(body []byte, remote models.Remote, proxyBaseURL string) []byte {
+	from := origin(remote.BaseURL)
+	if from == "" || !json.Valid(body) {
+		return body
+	}
+	to := strings.TrimRight(proxyBaseURL, "/") + "/api/v1/remote/" + remote.Name
+	return []byte(strings.ReplaceAll(string(body), from, to))
+}
+
+func (p *Provider) AuthHeaders(_ context.Context, remote models.Remote) (http.Header, error) {
+	return auth.BasicHeaders(remote), nil
+}
+
+func origin(baseURL string) string {
+	u, err := url.Parse(baseURL)
+	if err != nil || u.Host == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return u.Scheme + "://" + u.Host
+}
+
+func isPackage(path string) bool {
+	return strings.HasSuffix(path, ".nupkg") || strings.HasSuffix(path, ".nuspec")
+}

internal/provider/nuget/nuget_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+package nuget
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/internal/provider"
+	"git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/pkg/models"
+)
+
+var _ provider.ServeRewriter = (*Provider)(nil)
+
+var nugetOrg = models.Remote{Name: "nuget-org", BaseURL: "https://api.nuget.org/v3/index.json"}
+
+func TestClassify(t *testing.T) {
+	p := &Provider{}
+	tests := []struct {
+		path string
+		want provider.Mutability
+	}{
+		{"v3-flatcontainer/newtonsoft.json/13.0.3/newtonsoft.json.13.0.3.nupkg", provider.Immutable},
+		{"v3-flatcontainer/newtonsoft.json/13.0.3/newtonsoft.json.nuspec", provider.Immutable},
+		{"v3-flatcontainer/newtonsoft.json/index.json", provider.Mutable},
+		{"v3/registration5-gz-semver2/newtonsoft.json/index.json", provider.Mutable},
+		{"index.json", provider.Mutable},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		if got := p.Classify(tt.path); got != tt.want {
+			t.Errorf("Classify(%q) = %v, want %v", tt.path, got, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUpstreamURL(t *testing.T) {
+	p := &Provider{}
+	tests := []struct {
+		path, want string
+	}{
+		{"index.json", "https://api.nuget.org/v3/index.json"},
+		{"/index.json", "https://api.nuget.org/v3/index.json"},
+		{"v3-flatcontainer/serilog/index.json", "https://api.nuget.org/v3-flatcontainer/serilog/index.json"},
+		{"v3/registration5-gz-semver2/serilog/index.json", "https://api.nuget.org/v3/registration5-gz-semver2/serilog/index.json"},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		if got := p.UpstreamURL(nugetOrg, tt.path); got != tt.want {
+			t.Errorf("UpstreamURL(%q) = %q, want %q", tt.path, got, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRewriteServed(t *testing.T) {
+	p := &Provider{}
+	body := `{"resources":[` +
+		`{"@id":"https://api.nuget.org/v3-flatcontainer/","@type":"PackageBaseAddress/3.0.0"},` +
+		`{"@id":"https://azuresearch-usnc.nuget.org/query","@type":"SearchQueryService"}]}`
+	want := `{"resources":[` +
+		`{"@id":"http://aa.example:8000/api/v1/remote/nuget-org/v3-flatcontainer/","@type":"PackageBaseAddress/3.0.0"},` +
+		`{"@id":"https://azuresearch-usnc.nuget.org/query","@type":"SearchQueryService"}]}`
+	if got := string(p.RewriteServed([]byte(body), nugetOrg, "http://aa.example:8000/")); got != want {
+		t.Errorf("RewriteServed =\n%s\nwant\n%s", got, want)
+	}
+	if got := string(p.RewriteServed([]byte(body), models.Remote{Name: "x"}, "http://aa.example")); got != body {
+		t.Error("remote without a parseable base_url must pass the body through")
+	}
+	cert := "\x30\x82https://api.nuget.org"
+	if got := string(p.RewriteServed([]byte(cert), nugetOrg, "http://aa.example")); got != cert {
+		t.Error("non-JSON bodies must pass through untouched")
+	}
+}

internal/provider/provider.go

@@ -75,6 +75,13 @@ type RemoteServer interface {
 	ServeRemote(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, remote models.Remote, path, proxyBaseURL string, store RemoteMetadataStore) bool
 }
 
+// ServeRewriter rewrites a cached mutable remote response per request, for
+// indexes whose URLs must name the requesting host and so cannot be rewritten
+// before caching.
+type ServeRewriter interface {
+	RewriteServed(body []byte, remote models.Remote, proxyBaseURL string) []byte
+}
+
 // RemoteMetadataStore is the persistence surface a RemoteServer needs to cache
 // and read the metadata it derives per upstream asset. *database.DB satisfies it.
 type RemoteMetadataStore interface {

internal/server/middleware.go

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ func cors(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
 	return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*")
 		w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Methods", "GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, OPTIONS")
-		w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Headers", "Content-Type")
+		w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Headers", "Content-Type, Authorization")
 		if r.Method == http.MethodOptions {
 			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNoContent)
 			return

internal/server/oidc_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+package server
+
+import (
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/internal/testsupport"
+)
+
+func TestServerOIDCWriteAuth(t *testing.T) {
+	requireStack(t)
+	iss := testsupport.NewOIDCIssuer()
+	defer iss.Close()
+
+	cfg := *testSrv.cfg
+	cfg.OIDCIssuer = iss.URL
+	cfg.OIDCAudiences = []string{"artifactapi"}
+	s := *testSrv
+	s.cfg = &cfg
+	ts := httptest.NewServer(s.routes())
+	defer ts.Close()
+
+	good := iss.Token(nil, "artifactapi", "ci", time.Hour)
+	do := func(method, path, body, token string) int {
+		t.Helper()
+		rq, _ := http.NewRequest(method, ts.URL+path, strings.NewReader(body))
+		rq.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		if token != "" {
+			rq.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+token)
+		}
+		resp, err := http.DefaultClient.Do(rq)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("%s %s: %v", method, path, err)
+		}
+		_, _ = io.Copy(io.Discard, resp.Body)
+		_ = resp.Body.Close()
+		return resp.StatusCode
+	}
+	expect := func(want int, method, path, body, token string) {
+		t.Helper()
+		if got := do(method, path, body, token); got != want {
+			t.Errorf("%s %s: status %d, want %d", method, path, got, want)
+		}
+	}
+
+	remote := `{"name":"srv-oidc","package_type":"generic","repo_type":"local"}`
+	virtual := `{"name":"srv-oidc-v","package_type":"generic","members":["srv-oidc"]}`
+
+	expect(401, "POST", "/api/v2/remotes", remote, "")
+	expect(401, "POST", "/api/v2/remotes", remote, iss.Token(nil, "other", "ci", time.Hour))
+	expect(201, "POST", "/api/v2/remotes", remote, good)
+	expect(401, "PUT", "/api/v2/remotes/srv-oidc", `{"package_type":"generic"}`, "")
+	expect(401, "DELETE", "/api/v2/remotes/srv-oidc", "", "")
+	expect(401, "POST", "/api/v2/virtuals", virtual, "")
+	expect(201, "POST", "/api/v2/virtuals", virtual, good)
+	expect(401, "PUT", "/api/v2/virtuals/srv-oidc-v", virtual, "")
+	expect(401, "DELETE", "/api/v2/virtuals/srv-oidc-v", "", "")
+
+	expect(200, "GET", "/api/v2/remotes", "", "")
+	expect(200, "GET", "/api/v2/remotes/srv-oidc", "", "")
+	expect(200, "GET", "/api/v2/virtuals/srv-oidc-v", "", "")
+	expect(201, "PUT", "/api/v2/remotes/srv-oidc/files/a.bin", "payload", "")
+	expect(200, "GET", "/api/v2/remotes/srv-oidc/files/a.bin", "", "")
+	if got := do("DELETE", "/api/v2/remotes/srv-oidc/files/a.bin", "", ""); got >= 400 {
+		t.Errorf("delete file: status %d", got)
+	}
+	if got := do("POST", "/api/v2/probe", `{}`, ""); got == 401 {
+		t.Error("probe gated")
+	}
+	if got := do("GET", "/v2/", "", ""); got == 401 {
+		t.Error("docker /v2 gated")
+	}
+
+	expect(204, "DELETE", "/api/v2/virtuals/srv-oidc-v", "", good)
+	expect(204, "DELETE", "/api/v2/remotes/srv-oidc", "", good)
+}

internal/server/server.go

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 	tfregistry "git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/internal/api/terraform"
 	v1 "git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/internal/api/v1"
 	v2 "git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/internal/api/v2"
+	"git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/internal/auth"
 	"git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/internal/cache"
 	"git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/internal/config"
 	"git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/internal/database"
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@ import (
 	_ "git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/internal/provider/goproxy"
 	_ "git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/internal/provider/helm"
 	_ "git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/internal/provider/npm"
+	_ "git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/internal/provider/nuget"
 	_ "git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/internal/provider/puppet"
 	_ "git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/internal/provider/pypi"
 	"git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/internal/provider/rpm"
@@ -186,10 +188,11 @@ func (s *Server) routes() chi.Router {
 	statsHandler := v2.NewStatsHandler(s.db)
 	eventsHandler := v2.NewEventsHandler()
 	probeHandler := v2.NewProbeHandler(s.engine, s.db)
+	writeAuth := auth.NewBearerOIDC(s.cfg.OIDCIssuer, s.cfg.OIDCAudiences)
 
 	r.Route("/api/v2", func(r chi.Router) {
-		r.Mount("/remotes", remotesHandler.Routes())
+		r.Mount("/remotes", writeAuth.RequireWrites(remotesHandler.Routes()))
-		r.Mount("/virtuals", virtualsHandler.Routes())
+		r.Mount("/virtuals", writeAuth.RequireWrites(virtualsHandler.Routes()))
 		r.Mount("/health", healthHandler.Routes())
 		r.Mount("/stats", statsHandler.Routes())
 		r.Mount("/events", eventsHandler.Routes())

internal/testsupport/oidc.go

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+package testsupport
+
+import (
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/rsa"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4"
+	"github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4/jwt"
+)
+
+// OIDCIssuer is a minimal OIDC issuer serving discovery and JWKS, signing
+// RS256 tokens with a generated key.
+type OIDCIssuer struct {
+	*httptest.Server
+	key *rsa.PrivateKey
+}
+
+func NewOIDCIssuer() *OIDCIssuer {
+	key, err := rsa.GenerateKey(rand.Reader, 2048)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	iss := &OIDCIssuer{key: key}
+	mux := http.NewServeMux()
+	mux.HandleFunc("/.well-known/openid-configuration", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		_ = json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(map[string]any{
+			"issuer":                                iss.URL,
+			"jwks_uri":                              iss.URL + "/keys",
+			"id_token_signing_alg_values_supported": []string{"RS256"},
+		})
+	})
+	mux.HandleFunc("/keys", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		_ = json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(jose.JSONWebKeySet{Keys: []jose.JSONWebKey{
+			{Key: &key.PublicKey, KeyID: "k1", Algorithm: "RS256", Use: "sig"},
+		}})
+	})
+	iss.Server = httptest.NewServer(mux)
+	return iss
+}
+
+// Token signs a token for aud and sub. Pass a nil key to use the issuer's own;
+// expiry is relative to now.
+func (o *OIDCIssuer) Token(key *rsa.PrivateKey, aud, sub string, expiry time.Duration) string {
+	now := time.Now()
+	return o.Sign(key, jwt.Claims{
+		Issuer:   o.URL,
+		Subject:  sub,
+		Audience: jwt.Audience{aud},
+		IssuedAt: jwt.NewNumericDate(now.Add(-time.Minute)),
+		Expiry:   jwt.NewNumericDate(now.Add(expiry)),
+	})
+}
+
+// Sign signs arbitrary claims with RS256. Pass a nil key to use the issuer's own.
+func (o *OIDCIssuer) Sign(key *rsa.PrivateKey, claims jwt.Claims) string {
+	if key == nil {
+		key = o.key
+	}
+	sig, err := jose.NewSigner(jose.SigningKey{Algorithm: jose.RS256, Key: key},
+		(&jose.SignerOptions{}).WithType("JWT").WithHeader("kid", "k1"))
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	tok, err := jwt.Signed(sig).Claims(claims).Serialize()
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return tok
+}

internal/virtual/deb_merger.go

@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+package virtual
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"crypto/md5"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"path"
+	"regexp"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// debIndexRe matches the binary Packages indexes a virtual merges: the flat
+// repo's root Packages and a suite's <component>/binary-<arch>/Packages.
+var debIndexRe = regexp.MustCompile(`^([^/]+/binary-[^/]+/)?Packages(\.[a-z0-9]+)?$`)
+
+// debByHashRe matches an index requested by its SHA256 (Acquire-By-Hash).
+var debByHashRe = regexp.MustCompile(`^([^/]+/binary-[^/]+/)?by-hash/SHA256/[0-9a-f]{64}$`)
+
+// debCompressions is the order a member's index variants are fetched in.
+var debCompressions = []string{".xz", ".gz", ".zst", ".bz2", ""}
+
+// DebMember is one member's Release plus its decompressed Packages indexes,
+// keyed by index directory relative to the Release ("" for a flat repo).
+type DebMember struct {
+	RemoteName string
+	Release    []byte
+	Packages   map[string][]byte
+}
+
+// DebRepo is a merged apt repo: Release plus the indexes it lists, keyed by
+// their path relative to the Release.
+type DebRepo struct {
+	Release []byte
+	Files   map[string][]byte
+}
+
+type debRelease struct {
+	fields map[string]string
+	files  []string
+}
+
+// parseDebRelease reads a Release file's single-line fields and the names
+// listed in its checksum sections.
+func parseDebRelease(body []byte) debRelease {
+	rel := debRelease{fields: map[string]string{}}
+	inSums := false
+	seen := map[string]bool{}
+	for line := range strings.SplitSeq(string(body), "\n") {
+		line = strings.TrimRight(line, "\r")
+		if line == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		if line[0] == ' ' || line[0] == '\t' {
+			if f := strings.Fields(line); inSums && len(f) == 3 && !seen[f[2]] {
+				seen[f[2]] = true
+				rel.files = append(rel.files, f[2])
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		k, v, _ := strings.Cut(line, ":")
+		v = strings.TrimSpace(v)
+		inSums = v == "" && (k == "MD5Sum" || strings.HasPrefix(k, "SHA"))
+		if _, ok := rel.fields[k]; !ok {
+			rel.fields[k] = v
+		}
+	}
+	return rel
+}
+
+// debIndexFiles returns, per index directory, the variant of its Packages file
+// to fetch from a member's Release listing.
+func debIndexFiles(rel debRelease) map[string]string {
+	listed := map[string]bool{}
+	for _, f := range rel.files {
+		listed[f] = true
+	}
+	out := map[string]string{}
+	for _, f := range rel.files {
+		m := debIndexRe.FindStringSubmatch(f)
+		if m == nil || out[m[1]] != "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		for _, c := range debCompressions {
+			if listed[m[1]+"Packages"+c] {
+				out[m[1]] = m[1] + "Packages" + c
+				break
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func splitStanzas(body []byte) []string {
+	var out []string
+	for s := range strings.SplitSeq(strings.ReplaceAll(string(body), "\r\n", "\n"), "\n\n") {
+		if s = strings.Trim(s, "\n"); s != "" {
+			out = append(out, s)
+		}
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func stanzaField(stanza, key string) string {
+	for line := range strings.SplitSeq(stanza, "\n") {
+		if k, v, ok := strings.Cut(line, ":"); ok && k == key {
+			return strings.TrimSpace(v)
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func unionFields(dst []string, field string) []string {
+	for f := range strings.FieldsSeq(field) {
+		if !slices.Contains(dst, f) {
+			dst = append(dst, f)
+		}
+	}
+	return dst
+}
+
+func parseDebDate(s string) (time.Time, bool) {
+	for _, layout := range []string{time.RFC1123Z, time.RFC1123} {
+		if t, err := time.Parse(layout, s); err == nil {
+			return t, true
+		}
+	}
+	return time.Time{}, false
+}
+
+// MergeDeb merges members into one apt repo. Members are in priority order: the
+// first member to carry a (Package, Version, Architecture) in an index wins;
+// stanzas missing any of those are always kept. Filename is prefixed with the
+// owning member's name so the virtual can route downloads back to it.
+func MergeDeb(members []DebMember) *DebRepo {
+	var suite, codename string
+	var arches, comps, dirs []string
+	date := time.Unix(0, 0)
+	for _, m := range members {
+		rel := parseDebRelease(m.Release)
+		if suite == "" {
+			suite, codename = rel.fields["Suite"], rel.fields["Codename"]
+		}
+		arches = unionFields(arches, rel.fields["Architectures"])
+		comps = unionFields(comps, rel.fields["Components"])
+		if t, ok := parseDebDate(rel.fields["Date"]); ok && t.After(date) {
+			date = t
+		}
+		for d := range m.Packages {
+			if !slices.Contains(dirs, d) {
+				dirs = append(dirs, d)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	slices.Sort(dirs)
+
+	repo := &DebRepo{Files: map[string][]byte{}}
+	for _, d := range dirs {
+		seen := map[string]bool{}
+		var b bytes.Buffer
+		for _, m := range members {
+			for _, s := range splitStanzas(m.Packages[d]) {
+				pkg, ver, arch := stanzaField(s, "Package"), stanzaField(s, "Version"), stanzaField(s, "Architecture")
+				if pkg != "" && ver != "" && arch != "" {
+					key := pkg + "\x00" + ver + "\x00" + arch
+					if seen[key] {
+						continue
+					}
+					seen[key] = true
+				}
+				if fn := stanzaField(s, "Filename"); fn != "" {
+					s = rewriteFilename(s, m.RemoteName+"/"+strings.TrimPrefix(path.Clean("/"+fn), "/"))
+				}
+				b.WriteString(s)
+				b.WriteString("\n\n")
+			}
+		}
+		gz := gzipDeterministic(b.Bytes())
+		repo.Files[d+"Packages"] = b.Bytes()
+		repo.Files[d+"Packages.gz"] = gz
+		repo.Files[d+"by-hash/SHA256/"+sha256Hex(b.Bytes())] = b.Bytes()
+		repo.Files[d+"by-hash/SHA256/"+sha256Hex(gz)] = gz
+	}
+
+	var r bytes.Buffer
+	if suite != "" {
+		fmt.Fprintf(&r, "Suite: %s\n", suite)
+	}
+	if codename != "" {
+		fmt.Fprintf(&r, "Codename: %s\n", codename)
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(&r, "Date: %s\n", date.UTC().Format(time.RFC1123Z))
+	fmt.Fprintf(&r, "Architectures: %s\n", strings.Join(arches, " "))
+	if len(comps) > 0 {
+		fmt.Fprintf(&r, "Components: %s\n", strings.Join(comps, " "))
+	}
+	r.WriteString("Acquire-By-Hash: yes\n")
+	for _, sec := range []struct {
+		name string
+		sum  func([]byte) string
+	}{{"MD5Sum", md5Hex}, {"SHA256", sha256Hex}} {
+		r.WriteString(sec.name + ":\n")
+		for _, d := range dirs {
+			for _, n := range []string{d + "Packages", d + "Packages.gz"} {
+				fmt.Fprintf(&r, " %s %d %s\n", sec.sum(repo.Files[n]), len(repo.Files[n]), n)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	repo.Release = r.Bytes()
+	return repo
+}
+
+func rewriteFilename(stanza, fn string) string {
+	lines := strings.Split(stanza, "\n")
+	for i, l := range lines {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(l, "Filename:") {
+			lines[i] = "Filename: " + fn
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	return strings.Join(lines, "\n")
+}
+
+// debIndexPath splits an index request into its Release directory and the file
+// under it. ok is false for anything a deb virtual does not merge.
+func debIndexPath(p string) (base, name string, ok bool) {
+	if rest, found := strings.CutPrefix(p, "dists/"); found {
+		suite, n, found := strings.Cut(rest, "/")
+		if !found || suite == "" {
+			return "", "", false
+		}
+		base, p = "dists/"+suite+"/", n
+	}
+	if p != "Release" && !debIndexRe.MatchString(p) && !debByHashRe.MatchString(p) {
+		return "", "", false
+	}
+	return base, p, true
+}
+
+func md5Hex(data []byte) string {
+	h := md5.Sum(data)
+	return hex.EncodeToString(h[:])
+}

internal/virtual/deb_merger_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+package virtual
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"crypto/md5"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"maps"
+	"path"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func debStanza(pkg, ver, arch, filename string) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("Package: %s\nVersion: %s\nArchitecture: %s\nDescription: test\n multi-line body\nFilename: %s\nSize: 1\n", pkg, ver, arch, filename)
+}
+
+func flatDebMember(name, date string, stanzas ...string) DebMember {
+	rel := "Date: " + date + "\nArchitectures: amd64\nAcquire-By-Hash: no\nSHA256:\n x 1 Packages\n x 1 Packages.gz\n"
+	return DebMember{RemoteName: name, Release: []byte(rel), Packages: map[string][]byte{"": []byte(strings.Join(stanzas, "\n"))}}
+}
+
+func TestMergeDebDedupesByMemberOrder(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := MergeDeb([]DebMember{
+		flatDebMember("a", "Mon, 05 Oct 2026 10:00:00 +0000",
+			debStanza("foo", "1.0", "amd64", "pool/foo_1.0_amd64.deb"),
+			debStanza("bar", "2.0", "amd64", "/pool/bar.deb"),
+			debStanza("dot", "1.0", "amd64", "./dot.deb"),
+			"Package: noversion\nFilename: nv1.deb\n",
+			"Package: noversion\nFilename: nv2.deb\n"),
+		flatDebMember("b", "Tue, 06 Oct 2026 10:00:00 UTC",
+			debStanza("foo", "1.0", "amd64", "pool/foo-from-b.deb"),
+			debStanza("foo", "1.0", "arm64", "pool/foo_arm64.deb"),
+			debStanza("foo", "1.1", "amd64", "o/r/releases/download/v1/foo.deb")),
+	})
+	pk := string(repo.Files["Packages"])
+	stanzas := splitStanzas(repo.Files["Packages"])
+	if len(stanzas) != 7 {
+		t.Fatalf("want 7 stanzas (one duplicate dropped), got %d:\n%s", len(stanzas), pk)
+	}
+	for _, want := range []string{
+		"Filename: a/pool/foo_1.0_amd64.deb",
+		"Filename: a/pool/bar.deb",
+		"Filename: a/dot.deb",
+		"Filename: a/nv1.deb",
+		"Filename: a/nv2.deb",
+		"Filename: b/pool/foo_arm64.deb",
+		"Filename: b/o/r/releases/download/v1/foo.deb",
+		" multi-line body",
+	} {
+		if !strings.Contains(pk, want) {
+			t.Errorf("merged Packages missing %q:\n%s", want, pk)
+		}
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(pk, "foo-from-b") {
+		t.Fatalf("second member's duplicate must lose:\n%s", pk)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(gunzip(t, repo.Files["Packages.gz"]), repo.Files["Packages"]) {
+		t.Fatal("Packages.gz does not match Packages")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(string(repo.Release), "Date: Tue, 06 Oct 2026 10:00:00 +0000\n") {
+		t.Fatalf("Date should be the newest member date:\n%s", repo.Release)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMergeDebReleaseHashesFiles(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := MergeDeb([]DebMember{flatDebMember("a", "", debStanza("foo", "1", "amd64", "pool/foo.deb"))})
+	rel := parseDebRelease(repo.Release)
+	if got := slices.Sorted(slices.Values(rel.files)); !slices.Equal(got, []string{"Packages", "Packages.gz"}) {
+		t.Fatalf("Release lists %v", got)
+	}
+	inSHA := false
+	checked := 0
+	for line := range strings.SplitSeq(string(repo.Release), "\n") {
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(line, " ") {
+			inSHA = line == "SHA256:"
+			continue
+		}
+		var sum, name string
+		var size int
+		if _, err := fmt.Sscan(line, &sum, &size, &name); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		body := repo.Files[name]
+		want := sha256Hex(body)
+		if !inSHA {
+			h := md5.Sum(body)
+			want = hex.EncodeToString(h[:])
+		}
+		if sum != want || size != len(body) {
+			t.Errorf("%s: Release has %s %d, file is %s %d", name, sum, size, want, len(body))
+		}
+		checked++
+	}
+	if checked != 4 {
+		t.Fatalf("checked %d Release entries, want 4:\n%s", checked, repo.Release)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(MergeDeb([]DebMember{flatDebMember("a", "", debStanza("foo", "1", "amd64", "pool/foo.deb"))}).Release, repo.Release) {
+		t.Fatal("merge must be deterministic")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMergeDebSuiteLayout(t *testing.T) {
+	rel := func(comps string) []byte {
+		return []byte("Suite: stable\nCodename: trixie\nArchitectures: amd64 arm64\nComponents: " + comps + "\nSHA256:\n x 1 main/binary-amd64/Packages.xz\n")
+	}
+	repo := MergeDeb([]DebMember{
+		{RemoteName: "deb1", Release: rel("main"), Packages: map[string][]byte{"main/binary-amd64/": []byte(debStanza("foo", "1", "amd64", "pool/main/f/foo.deb"))}},
+		{RemoteName: "deb2", Release: rel("main contrib"), Packages: map[string][]byte{
+			"main/binary-amd64/":    []byte(debStanza("bar", "1", "amd64", "pool/main/b/bar.deb")),
+			"contrib/binary-amd64/": []byte(debStanza("baz", "1", "amd64", "pool/contrib/b/baz.deb")),
+		}},
+	})
+	for _, want := range []string{"Suite: stable\n", "Codename: trixie\n", "Components: main contrib\n", "Architectures: amd64 arm64\n"} {
+		if !strings.Contains(string(repo.Release), want) {
+			t.Errorf("Release missing %q:\n%s", want, repo.Release)
+		}
+	}
+	want := []string{"contrib/binary-amd64/Packages", "contrib/binary-amd64/Packages.gz", "main/binary-amd64/Packages", "main/binary-amd64/Packages.gz"}
+	if got := slices.Sorted(slices.Values(parseDebRelease(repo.Release).files)); !slices.Equal(got, want) {
+		t.Fatalf("Release lists %v, want %v", got, want)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(string(repo.Release), "Acquire-By-Hash: yes\n") {
+		t.Fatalf("Release must advertise by-hash:\n%s", repo.Release)
+	}
+	for _, n := range want {
+		byHash := path.Dir(n) + "/by-hash/SHA256/" + sha256Hex(repo.Files[n])
+		if !bytes.Equal(repo.Files[byHash], repo.Files[n]) {
+			t.Errorf("%s not served at %s", n, byHash)
+		}
+	}
+	if len(repo.Files) != 2*len(want) {
+		t.Fatalf("files %v, want each index plus its by-hash copy", slices.Sorted(maps.Keys(repo.Files)))
+	}
+	if n := len(splitStanzas(repo.Files["main/binary-amd64/Packages"])); n != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("main/binary-amd64 should merge both members, got %d stanzas", n)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDebIndexFiles(t *testing.T) {
+	rel := parseDebRelease([]byte("Origin: Debian\nMD5Sum:\n a 1 main/binary-amd64/Packages\n a 1 main/binary-amd64/Packages.gz\nSHA256:\n" +
+		" a 1 main/binary-amd64/Packages\n a 1 main/binary-amd64/Packages.xz\n a 1 main/binary-amd64/Packages.gz\n" +
+		" a 1 main/debian-installer/binary-amd64/Packages.xz\n a 1 main/i18n/Translation-en.xz\n a 1 contrib/binary-all/Packages\n"))
+	got := debIndexFiles(rel)
+	want := map[string]string{"main/binary-amd64/": "main/binary-amd64/Packages.xz", "contrib/binary-all/": "contrib/binary-all/Packages"}
+	if !maps.Equal(got, want) {
+		t.Fatalf("got %v, want %v", got, want)
+	}
+	if flat := debIndexFiles(parseDebRelease([]byte("SHA256:\n a 1 Packages\n a 1 Packages.gz\n"))); flat[""] != "Packages.gz" {
+		t.Fatalf("flat repo should fetch Packages.gz, got %v", flat)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDebIndexPath(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		in, base, name string
+		ok             bool
+	}{
+		{"Release", "", "Release", true},
+		{"Packages.gz", "", "Packages.gz", true},
+		{"dists/trixie/Release", "dists/trixie/", "Release", true},
+		{"dists/trixie/main/binary-amd64/Packages", "dists/trixie/", "main/binary-amd64/Packages", true},
+		{"by-hash/SHA256/abababababababababababababababababababababababababababababababab", "", "by-hash/SHA256/abababababababababababababababababababababababababababababababab", true},
+		{"dists/trixie/main/binary-amd64/by-hash/SHA256/abababababababababababababababababababababababababababababababab", "dists/trixie/", "main/binary-amd64/by-hash/SHA256/abababababababababababababababababababababababababababababababab", true},
+		{"dists/trixie/main/binary-amd64/by-hash/MD5Sum/abababababababababababababababab", "", "", false},
+		{"InRelease", "", "", false},
+		{"Release.gpg", "", "", false},
+		{"dists/trixie/InRelease", "", "", false},
+		{"dists/trixie/main/i18n/Translation-en", "", "", false},
+		{"dists/Release", "", "", false},
+		{"pool/foo.deb", "", "", false},
+	} {
+		base, name, ok := debIndexPath(tc.in)
+		if base != tc.base || name != tc.name || ok != tc.ok {
+			t.Errorf("%s: got (%q, %q, %v), want (%q, %q, %v)", tc.in, base, name, ok, tc.base, tc.name, tc.ok)
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/virtual/engine.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"net/url"
+	"path"
 	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
@@ -26,32 +27,51 @@ type Engine struct {
 	proxyEngine *proxy.Engine
 	getRemote   func(context.Context, string) (*models.Remote, error)
 	rpmMember   func(context.Context, string) (*RPMMember, error)
+	debMember   func(ctx context.Context, name, base string) (*DebMember, error)
 
 	mergeTTL time.Duration
 
-	sf  singleflight.Group
+	sf   singleflight.Group
-	mu  sync.Mutex
+	mu   sync.Mutex
-	rpm map[string]*rpmGen
+	gens map[string]*repoGen
 }
 
-// rpmGen holds a virtual's current merge plus the previous one, so a client
+// mergedRepo is a merged index document plus the files it references.
-// holding the previous repomd can still fetch its content-hashed data files.
+type mergedRepo interface {
-type rpmGen struct {
+	index() []byte
-	cur, prev *RPMRepo
+	files() map[string][]byte
-	at        time.Time
+}
+
+func (r *RPMRepo) index() []byte            { return r.Repomd }
+func (r *RPMRepo) files() map[string][]byte { return r.Files }
+func (r *DebRepo) index() []byte            { return r.Release }
+func (r *DebRepo) files() map[string][]byte { return r.Files }
+
+// repoGen holds a virtual's current merge plus the previous one, so a client
+// holding the previous index can still fetch the files it references.
+type repoGen struct {
+	cur, prev mergedRepo
+	at, used  time.Time
 }
 
 const rpmMergeTTL = 60 * time.Second
 
+// maxDebSuites bounds the client-chosen suites cached per deb virtual.
+const maxDebSuites = 32
+
 func NewEngine(db *database.DB, proxyEngine *proxy.Engine) *Engine {
 	e := &Engine{db: db, proxyEngine: proxyEngine, getRemote: db.GetRemote, mergeTTL: rpmMergeTTL}
 	e.rpmMember = e.fetchRPMMember
+	e.debMember = e.fetchDebMember
 	return e
 }
 
 func (e *Engine) Fetch(ctx context.Context, virt models.Virtual, path string, proxyBaseURL string) ([]byte, string, error) {
-	if virt.PackageType == models.PackageRPM {
+	switch virt.PackageType {
+	case models.PackageRPM:
 		return e.fetchRPM(ctx, virt, path)
+	case models.PackageDeb:
+		return e.fetchDeb(ctx, virt, path)
 	}
 
 	merger, err := GetMerger(virt.PackageType)
@@ -170,11 +190,22 @@ var (
 	ErrBadPath  = errors.New("invalid path")
 )
 
-// MemberRedirect maps an rpm virtual package path (<member>/<href>, as written
+// MemberRedirect maps an rpm or deb virtual package path (<member>/<href>, as
-// by MergeRPM) to the owning member's route. ok is false for any other path;
+// written by MergeRPM/MergeDeb) to the owning member's route. ok is false for
-// ErrBadPath means the path is absolute or escapes the member.
+// any other path; ErrBadPath means the path is absolute or escapes the member.
 func (e *Engine) MemberRedirect(ctx context.Context, virt models.Virtual, path, rawQuery, proxyBaseURL string) (string, bool, error) {
-	if virt.PackageType != models.PackageRPM || strings.HasPrefix(path, "repodata/") {
+	switch virt.PackageType {
+	case models.PackageRPM:
+		if strings.HasPrefix(path, "repodata/") {
+			return "", false, nil
+		}
+	case models.PackageDeb:
+		// apt requests a flat repo's files under its "./" dist verbatim.
+		path = strings.TrimPrefix(path, "./")
+		if strings.HasPrefix(path, "dists/") {
+			return "", false, nil
+		}
+	default:
 		return "", false, nil
 	}
 	name, rest, found := strings.Cut(path, "/")
@@ -217,76 +248,93 @@ func (e *Engine) fetchRPM(ctx context.Context, virt models.Virtual, path string)
 	if !strings.HasPrefix(path, "repodata/") {
 		return nil, "", ErrNotFound
 	}
+	key := "rpm\x00" + virt.Name
 	if path != "repodata/repomd.xml" {
-		if body, ok := e.cachedRPMFile(virt.Name, path); ok {
+		if body, ok := e.cachedFile(key, path); ok {
 			return body, "application/gzip", nil
 		}
 	}
 
-	repo, err := e.mergedRPM(ctx, virt)
+	repo, err := e.merged(ctx, key, func(ctx context.Context) (mergedRepo, error) {
+		return e.mergeRPM(ctx, virt)
+	})
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, "", err
 	}
 	if path == "repodata/repomd.xml" {
-		return repo.Repomd, "application/xml", nil
+		return repo.index(), "application/xml", nil
 	}
-	if body, ok := repo.Files[path]; ok {
+	if body, ok := repo.files()[path]; ok {
 		return body, "application/gzip", nil
 	}
 	return nil, "", ErrNotFound
 }
 
-// mergedRPM returns the virtual's merge, reusing it for mergeTTL and
+// merged returns the merge cached under key, reusing it for mergeTTL and
-// collapsing concurrent merges of the same virtual into one.
+// collapsing concurrent merges of the same key into one.
 // ponytail: per-replica cache; behind a non-sticky LB a data request landing on
 // another replica re-merges and 404s if a member changed in between. Move to the
 // shared redis cache if that shows up.
-func (e *Engine) mergedRPM(ctx context.Context, virt models.Virtual) (*RPMRepo, error) {
+func (e *Engine) merged(ctx context.Context, key string, merge func(context.Context) (mergedRepo, error)) (mergedRepo, error) {
 	e.mu.Lock()
-	g := e.rpm[virt.Name]
+	g := e.gens[key]
 	if g != nil && time.Since(g.at) < e.mergeTTL {
+		g.used = time.Now()
 		e.mu.Unlock()
 		return g.cur, nil
 	}
 	e.mu.Unlock()
 
-	v, err, _ := e.sf.Do(virt.Name, func() (any, error) {
+	v, err, _ := e.sf.Do(key, func() (any, error) {
-		repo, err := e.mergeRPM(context.WithoutCancel(ctx), virt)
+		repo, err := merge(context.WithoutCancel(ctx))
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		e.mu.Lock()
 		defer e.mu.Unlock()
-		if e.rpm == nil {
+		if e.gens == nil {
-			e.rpm = map[string]*rpmGen{}
+			e.gens = map[string]*repoGen{}
 		}
-		g := e.rpm[virt.Name]
+		g := e.gens[key]
 		switch {
 		case g == nil:
-			e.rpm[virt.Name] = &rpmGen{cur: repo, at: time.Now()}
+			e.gens[key] = &repoGen{cur: repo, at: time.Now(), used: time.Now()}
-		case string(g.cur.Repomd) == string(repo.Repomd):
+		case string(g.cur.index()) == string(repo.index()):
-			g.at = time.Now()
+			g.at, g.used = time.Now(), time.Now()
 			repo = g.cur
 		default:
-			g.prev, g.cur, g.at = g.cur, repo, time.Now()
+			g.prev, g.cur, g.at, g.used = g.cur, repo, time.Now(), time.Now()
 		}
 		return repo, nil
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return v.(*RPMRepo), nil
+	return v.(mergedRepo), nil
 }
 
 func (e *Engine) mergeRPM(ctx context.Context, virt models.Virtual) (*RPMRepo, error) {
-	members := make([]RPMMember, len(virt.Members))
+	members, err := fetchMembers(virt, func(name string) (*RPMMember, error) { return e.rpmMember(ctx, name) })
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	repo, err := MergeRPM(members)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("merge rpm repodata: %w", err)
+	}
+	return repo, nil
+}
+
+// fetchMembers reads every member in parallel, failing if any member fails.
+func fetchMembers[T any](virt models.Virtual, fetch func(name string) (*T, error)) ([]T, error) {
+	members := make([]T, len(virt.Members))
 	errs := make([]error, len(virt.Members))
 	var wg sync.WaitGroup
 	for i, name := range virt.Members {
 		wg.Add(1)
 		go func() {
 			defer wg.Done()
-			m, err := e.rpmMember(ctx, name)
+			m, err := fetch(name)
 			if err != nil {
 				errs[i] = fmt.Errorf("member %q: %w", name, err)
 				return
@@ -299,26 +347,101 @@ func (e *Engine) mergeRPM(ctx context.Context, virt models.Virtual) (*RPMRepo, e
 	if err := errors.Join(errs...); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("virtual %q: %v", virt.Name, err)
 	}
-
+	return members, nil
-	repo, err := MergeRPM(members)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("merge rpm repodata: %w", err)
-	}
-	return repo, nil
 }
 
-func (e *Engine) cachedRPMFile(virt, path string) ([]byte, bool) {
+func (e *Engine) fetchDeb(ctx context.Context, virt models.Virtual, reqPath string) ([]byte, string, error) {
+	base, name, ok := debIndexPath(strings.TrimPrefix(path.Clean("/"+reqPath), "/"))
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, "", ErrNotFound
+	}
+	key := "deb\x00" + virt.Name + "\x00" + base
+	if name != "Release" {
+		if body, ok := e.cachedFile(key, name); ok {
+			return body, debContentType(name), nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	repo, err := e.merged(ctx, key, func(ctx context.Context) (mergedRepo, error) {
+		members, err := fetchMembers(virt, func(name string) (*DebMember, error) { return e.debMember(ctx, name, base) })
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return MergeDeb(members), nil
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, "", err
+	}
+	e.evictLRU("deb\x00"+virt.Name+"\x00", maxDebSuites)
+	if name == "Release" {
+		return repo.index(), "text/plain", nil
+	}
+	if body, ok := repo.files()[name]; ok {
+		return body, debContentType(name), nil
+	}
+	return nil, "", ErrNotFound
+}
+
+func debContentType(name string) string {
+	if strings.HasSuffix(name, ".gz") {
+		return "application/gzip"
+	}
+	return "text/plain"
+}
+
+// fetchDebMember reads a member's Release under base and each binary Packages
+// index it lists.
+func (e *Engine) fetchDebMember(ctx context.Context, name, base string) (*DebMember, error) {
+	remote, err := e.getRemote(ctx, name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("remote %q: %w", name, err)
+	}
+	rel, err := e.fetchMemberPath(ctx, *remote, base+"Release")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	m := &DebMember{RemoteName: name, Release: rel, Packages: map[string][]byte{}}
+	for dir, file := range debIndexFiles(parseDebRelease(rel)) {
+		raw, err := e.fetchMemberPath(ctx, *remote, base+file)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if m.Packages[dir], err = decompress(file, raw); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("decompress %s: %w", file, err)
+		}
+	}
+	return m, nil
+}
+
+// evictLRU drops the least recently used merges under prefix beyond keep.
+func (e *Engine) evictLRU(prefix string, keep int) {
 	e.mu.Lock()
 	defer e.mu.Unlock()
-	g := e.rpm[virt]
+	var keys []string
+	for k := range e.gens {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(k, prefix) {
+			keys = append(keys, k)
+		}
+	}
+	slices.SortFunc(keys, func(a, b string) int { return e.gens[b].used.Compare(e.gens[a].used) })
+	for _, k := range keys[min(len(keys), keep):] {
+		delete(e.gens, k)
+	}
+}
+
+func (e *Engine) cachedFile(key, path string) ([]byte, bool) {
+	e.mu.Lock()
+	defer e.mu.Unlock()
+	g := e.gens[key]
 	if g == nil {
 		return nil, false
 	}
-	for _, r := range []*RPMRepo{g.cur, g.prev} {
+	for _, r := range []mergedRepo{g.cur, g.prev} {
 		if r == nil {
 			continue
 		}
-		if body, ok := r.Files[path]; ok {
+		if body, ok := r.files()[path]; ok {
+			g.used = time.Now()
 			return body, true
 		}
 	}

internal/virtual/engine_test.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
@@ -156,3 +157,213 @@ func TestMemberRedirect(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func debEngine(members map[string]*DebMember) *Engine {
+	e := fakeEngine(nil)
+	e.debMember = func(_ context.Context, name, base string) (*DebMember, error) {
+		if m := members[name]; m != nil && base == "" {
+			return m, nil
+		}
+		return nil, errors.New("upstream down")
+	}
+	return e
+}
+
+func debVirt(members ...string) models.Virtual {
+	return models.Virtual{Name: "v", PackageType: models.PackageDeb, Members: members}
+}
+
+func TestFetchDebFailsClosed(t *testing.T) {
+	a := flatDebMember("a", "", debStanza("foo", "1", "amd64", "pool/foo.deb"))
+	e := debEngine(map[string]*DebMember{"a": &a})
+	for _, p := range []string{"Release", "./Packages.gz", "dists/trixie/Release"} {
+		if _, _, err := e.Fetch(context.Background(), debVirt("a", "b"), p, ""); err == nil || errors.Is(err, ErrNotFound) {
+			t.Errorf("%s: want upstream error with a member down, got %v", p, err)
+		}
+	}
+	for _, p := range []string{"InRelease", "./Release.gpg", "Packages.xz"} {
+		if _, _, err := e.Fetch(context.Background(), debVirt("a"), p, ""); !errors.Is(err, ErrNotFound) {
+			t.Errorf("%s: want not found, got %v", p, err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFetchDebRemergesAfterTTL(t *testing.T) {
+	a := flatDebMember("a", "", debStanza("foo", "1", "amd64", "pool/foo_1.deb"))
+	e := debEngine(map[string]*DebMember{"a": &a})
+	virt := debVirt("a")
+
+	rel, _, err := e.Fetch(context.Background(), virt, "./Release", "")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	a.Packages[""] = []byte(debStanza("foo", "2", "amd64", "pool/foo_2.deb"))
+	e.mergeTTL = 0
+	newRel, _, err := e.Fetch(context.Background(), virt, "Release", "")
+	if err != nil || string(newRel) == string(rel) {
+		t.Fatalf("Release should reflect the member change (err %v)", err)
+	}
+	pk, ct, err := e.Fetch(context.Background(), virt, "./Packages", "")
+	if err != nil || ct != "text/plain" || !strings.Contains(string(pk), "Version: 2") {
+		t.Fatalf("Packages should be the current merge (ct %q, err %v):\n%s", ct, err, pk)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFetchDebMergeIsSharedPerSuite(t *testing.T) {
+	var calls atomic.Int32
+	e := fakeEngine(nil)
+	e.mergeTTL = time.Minute
+	e.debMember = func(_ context.Context, name, base string) (*DebMember, error) {
+		calls.Add(1)
+		m := flatDebMember(name, "", debStanza("foo", "1", "amd64", "pool/foo.deb"))
+		return &m, nil
+	}
+	for _, p := range []string{"Release", "Packages", "Packages.gz", "./Release", "dists/a/Release", "dists/b/Release"} {
+		if _, _, err := e.Fetch(context.Background(), debVirt("a"), p, ""); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, ErrNotFound) {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+	if n := calls.Load(); n != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("member fetched %d times, want once per Release dir (3)", n)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMemberRedirectDeb(t *testing.T) {
+	e := fakeEngine(nil)
+	virt := debVirt("gh", "loc")
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		path, want string
+		ok         bool
+		err        error
+	}{
+		{path: "gh/o/r/releases/download/v1/foo_1.0_amd64.deb", ok: true, want: "http://h/api/v1/remote/gh/o/r/releases/download/v1/foo_1.0_amd64.deb"},
+		{path: "./gh/pool/a+b.deb", ok: true, want: "http://h/api/v1/remote/gh/pool/a+b.deb"},
+		{path: "gh/../loc/x.deb", err: ErrBadPath},
+		{path: "dists/trixie/Release"},
+		{path: "Packages"},
+	} {
+		got, ok, err := e.MemberRedirect(context.Background(), virt, tc.path, "", "http://h/")
+		if got != tc.want || ok != tc.ok || !errors.Is(err, tc.err) {
+			t.Errorf("%s: got (%q, %v, %v), want (%q, %v, %v)", tc.path, got, ok, err, tc.want, tc.ok, tc.err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+type fakeRepo struct {
+	idx string
+	fs  map[string][]byte
+}
+
+func (r *fakeRepo) index() []byte            { return []byte(r.idx) }
+func (r *fakeRepo) files() map[string][]byte { return r.fs }
+
+func genRepo(gen string) func(context.Context) (mergedRepo, error) {
+	return func(context.Context) (mergedRepo, error) {
+		return &fakeRepo{idx: gen, fs: map[string][]byte{gen + ".gz": []byte(gen), "fixed": []byte(gen)}}, nil
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMergedRetainsPreviousGeneration(t *testing.T) {
+	e := fakeEngine(nil)
+	for _, gen := range []string{"g1", "g2", "g3"} {
+		if _, err := e.merged(context.Background(), "k", genRepo(gen)); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+	for path, want := range map[string]string{"g3.gz": "g3", "g2.gz": "g2", "fixed": "g3"} {
+		if body, ok := e.cachedFile("k", path); !ok || string(body) != want {
+			t.Errorf("%s: got (%q, %v), want %q", path, body, ok, want)
+		}
+	}
+	if _, ok := e.cachedFile("k", "g1.gz"); ok {
+		t.Error("generation two merges back must be dropped")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMergedReusesWithinTTLAndIsolatesKeys(t *testing.T) {
+	e := fakeEngine(nil)
+	e.mergeTTL = time.Minute
+	for _, step := range []struct{ key, gen, want string }{
+		{"a", "a1", "a1"}, {"b", "b1", "b1"}, {"a", "a2", "a1"},
+	} {
+		repo, err := e.merged(context.Background(), step.key, genRepo(step.gen))
+		if err != nil || string(repo.index()) != step.want {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: got %v (err %v), want %s", step.key, repo, err, step.want)
+		}
+	}
+	if _, ok := e.cachedFile("b", "a1.gz"); ok {
+		t.Error("key b served key a's file")
+	}
+	if _, ok := e.cachedFile("c", "a1.gz"); ok {
+		t.Error("unknown key served a file")
+	}
+}
+
+func suiteDebMember(name, version string) *DebMember {
+	return &DebMember{RemoteName: name, Release: []byte("Suite: s\nSHA256:\n x 1 main/binary-amd64/Packages.gz\n"),
+		Packages: map[string][]byte{"main/binary-amd64/": []byte(debStanza("foo", version, "amd64", "pool/foo_"+version+".deb"))}}
+}
+
+func TestFetchDebByHashSurvivesRemerge(t *testing.T) {
+	version := "1"
+	e := fakeEngine(nil)
+	e.debMember = func(_ context.Context, name, _ string) (*DebMember, error) { return suiteDebMember(name, version), nil }
+	virt := debVirt("a")
+	fetch := func(p string) []byte {
+		body, _, err := e.Fetch(context.Background(), virt, p, "")
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: %v", p, err)
+		}
+		return body
+	}
+	byHash := func(rel []byte) string {
+		m := regexp.MustCompile(`(?m)^SHA256:\n(?: .*\n)*? ([0-9a-f]{64}) \d+ main/binary-amd64/Packages.gz$`).FindSubmatch(rel)
+		if m == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("no Packages.gz SHA256 in Release:\n%s", rel)
+		}
+		return "dists/trixie/main/binary-amd64/by-hash/SHA256/" + string(m[1])
+	}
+
+	oldRel := fetch("dists/trixie/Release")
+	version, e.mergeTTL = "2", 0
+	if newRel := fetch("dists/trixie/Release"); string(newRel) == string(oldRel) {
+		t.Fatal("Release should reflect the member change")
+	}
+	if got := string(gunzip(t, fetch(byHash(oldRel)))); !strings.Contains(got, "Version: 1\n") {
+		t.Fatalf("by-hash from the previous Release served the wrong index:\n%s", got)
+	}
+	if got := string(fetch("dists/trixie/main/binary-amd64/Packages")); !strings.Contains(got, "Version: 2\n") {
+		t.Fatalf("fixed-name Packages should be the current merge:\n%s", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFetchDebBoundsSuitesPerVirtual(t *testing.T) {
+	e := fakeEngine(nil)
+	e.mergeTTL = time.Minute
+	e.debMember = func(_ context.Context, name, _ string) (*DebMember, error) { return suiteDebMember(name, "1"), nil }
+	other := models.Virtual{Name: "other", PackageType: models.PackageDeb, Members: []string{"a"}}
+	if _, _, err := e.Fetch(context.Background(), other, "dists/keep/Release", ""); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	for i := range maxDebSuites + 5 {
+		if _, _, err := e.Fetch(context.Background(), debVirt("a"), fmt.Sprintf("dists/s%d/Release", i), ""); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		time.Sleep(time.Microsecond)
+	}
+	n := 0
+	for k := range e.gens {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(k, "deb\x00v\x00") {
+			n++
+		}
+	}
+	if n != maxDebSuites {
+		t.Fatalf("virtual v caches %d suites, want %d", n, maxDebSuites)
+	}
+	if e.gens["deb\x00v\x00dists/s0/"] != nil || e.gens["deb\x00v\x00dists/s4/"] != nil {
+		t.Fatal("least recently used suites should be evicted first")
+	}
+	if e.gens["deb\x00other\x00dists/keep/"] == nil {
+		t.Fatal("another virtual's suites must not be evicted")
+	}
+}

pkg/models/package_type.go

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ const (
 	PackageTerraform    PackageType = "terraform"
 	PackageGoProxy      PackageType = "goproxy"
 	PackageCargo        PackageType = "cargo"
+	PackageNuGet        PackageType = "nuget"
 	PackageGitHubRPM    PackageType = "github_rpm"
 	PackageGitHubDeb    PackageType = "github_deb"
 	PackageGitHubAlpine PackageType = "github_alpine"
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ var validPackageTypes = map[PackageType]bool{
 	PackageTerraform:    true,
 	PackageGoProxy:      true,
 	PackageCargo:        true,
+	PackageNuGet:        true,
 	PackageGitHubRPM:    true,
 	PackageGitHubDeb:    true,
 	PackageGitHubAlpine: true,

pkg/models/package_type_test.go

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ func TestPackageTypeValid(t *testing.T) {
 		models.PackageTerraform,
 		models.PackageGoProxy,
 		models.PackageCargo,
+		models.PackageNuGet,
 		models.PackageGitHubRPM,
 		models.PackageGitHubDeb,
 		models.PackageGitHubAlpine,

ui/src/components/UsageInstructions.tsx

@@ -243,6 +243,22 @@ index = "sparse+${proxy}/"`,
         },
       ];
 
+    case 'nuget':
+      return [
+        {
+          title: 'Use this feed instead of nuget.org',
+          language: 'xml',
+          code: `<!-- nuget.config -->
+<configuration>
+  <packageSources>
+    <clear />
+    <add key="${name}" value="${proxy}/index.json" protocolVersion="3" />
+  </packageSources>
+</configuration>`,
+          note: 'Serve artifactapi over HTTPS: NuGet rejects the repository signatures resource over plain HTTP.',
+        },
+      ];
+
     case 'puppet':
       return [
         {

ui/src/pages/Locals.tsx

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ const typeColors: Record<string, 'blue' | 'green' | 'yellow' | 'red' | 'default'
   terraform: 'blue',
   goproxy: 'green',
   cargo: 'yellow',
+  nuget: 'blue',
 };
 
 export function Locals() {

ui/src/pages/Remotes.tsx

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ const typeColors: Record<string, 'blue' | 'green' | 'yellow' | 'red' | 'default'
   terraform: 'blue',
   goproxy: 'green',
   cargo: 'yellow',
+  nuget: 'blue',
 };
 
 export function Remotes() {