diff --git a/internal/nftables/compiler.go b/internal/nftables/compiler.go
index 45e6549..2af98ad 100644
--- a/internal/nftables/compiler.go
+++ b/internal/nftables/compiler.go
@@ -220,34 +220,30 @@ func (c *Compiler) compileConntrack(state *FirewallState) error {
 			chains = []string{"prerouting", "output"}
 		}
 
+		matches, err := l4Matches(ct.Proto, ct.DPort, nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("conntrack[%d]: %w", i, err)
+		}
+
 		for _, chain := range chains {
-			var exprs []expr.Any
+			for _, m := range matches {
+				exprs := append([]expr.Any{}, m.exprs...)
 
-			if ct.Proto != "" {
-				exprs = append(exprs, matchProto(ct.Proto)...)
-			}
-			for _, p := range ct.DPort {
-				pe, err := parsePortOrRange(p)
-				if err != nil {
-					return fmt.Errorf("conntrack[%d]: %w", i, err)
+				switch ct.Action {
+				case config.ConntrackNoTrack:
+					exprs = append(exprs, &expr.Notrack{})
+				case config.ConntrackHelper:
+					continue
+				case config.ConntrackDrop:
+					exprs = append(exprs, &expr.Verdict{Kind: expr.VerdictDrop})
 				}
-				exprs = append(exprs, pe...)
-			}
 
-			switch ct.Action {
-			case config.ConntrackNoTrack:
-				exprs = append(exprs, &expr.Notrack{})
-			case config.ConntrackHelper:
-				continue
-			case config.ConntrackDrop:
-				exprs = append(exprs, &expr.Verdict{Kind: expr.VerdictDrop})
+				state.Rules[chain] = append(state.Rules[chain], ManagedRule{
+					Chain: chain,
+					Exprs: exprs,
+					Tag:   tag + ":" + chain,
+				})
 			}
-
-			state.Rules[chain] = append(state.Rules[chain], ManagedRule{
-				Chain: chain,
-				Exprs: exprs,
-				Tag:   tag + ":" + chain,
-			})
 		}
 	}
 	return nil
@@ -362,29 +358,33 @@ func (c *Compiler) compileOneRule(state *FirewallState, tag, srcSpec, dstSpec, p
 
 	for _, srcIface := range srcIfaces {
 		for _, dstIface := range dstIfaces {
-			exprs, err := c.buildMatchExprs(srcIface, dstIface, chain, proto, dports, sports, srcAddr, dstAddr)
+			matches, err := c.buildMatchExprs(srcIface, dstIface, chain, proto, dports, sports, srcAddr, dstAddr)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 
-			if section != "" && section != config.SectionAll {
-				exprs = append(exprs, matchSection(section)...)
-			}
+			for _, m := range matches {
+				exprs := m.exprs
 
-			if logLevel != "" {
-				exprs = append(exprs, buildLog(logLevel, tag)...)
-			}
+				if section != "" && section != config.SectionAll {
+					exprs = append(exprs, matchSection(section)...)
+				}
 
-			verdict := actionVerdict(action, proto, c.cfg.Settings.AddressFamily)
-			if verdict != nil {
-				exprs = append(exprs, verdict...)
-			}
+				if logLevel != "" {
+					exprs = append(exprs, buildLog(logLevel, tag)...)
+				}
 
-			state.Rules[chain] = append(state.Rules[chain], ManagedRule{
-				Chain: chain,
-				Exprs: exprs,
-				Tag:   tag,
-			})
+				verdict := actionVerdict(action, m.proto, c.cfg.Settings.AddressFamily)
+				if verdict != nil {
+					exprs = append(exprs, verdict...)
+				}
+
+				state.Rules[chain] = append(state.Rules[chain], ManagedRule{
+					Chain: chain,
+					Exprs: exprs,
+					Tag:   tag,
+				})
+			}
 		}
 	}
 	return nil
@@ -413,102 +413,99 @@ func (c *Compiler) compileDNATRule(state *FirewallState, tag, srcSpec, dstSpec,
 
 	srcIfaces := c.resolveZoneInterfaces(srcZone)
 
+	matches, err := l4Matches(proto, dports, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	for _, srcIface := range srcIfaces {
-		var exprs []expr.Any
+		for _, m := range matches {
+			var exprs []expr.Any
 
-		if srcIface != "" {
-			exprs = append(exprs, matchIfaceName(true, srcIface)...)
-		}
-
-		if srcAddr != "" {
-			src, err := matchSourceCIDR(srcAddr)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
+			if srcIface != "" {
+				exprs = append(exprs, matchIfaceName(true, srcIface)...)
 			}
-			exprs = append(exprs, src...)
-		}
 
-		if proto != "" {
-			exprs = append(exprs, matchProto(proto)...)
-		}
-
-		for _, portStr := range dports {
-			pe, err := parsePortOrRange(portStr)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			exprs = append(exprs, pe...)
-		}
-
-		if logLevel != "" {
-			exprs = append(exprs, buildLog(logLevel, tag)...)
-		}
-
-		ip := net.ParseIP(dnatAddr)
-		if ip == nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("invalid DNAT address %q", dnatAddr)
-		}
-
-		if action == config.RuleRedirect {
-			if dnatPort > 0 {
-				portBytes := make([]byte, 2)
-				binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(portBytes, dnatPort)
-				exprs = append(exprs,
-					&expr.Immediate{Register: 1, Data: portBytes},
-					&expr.Redir{RegisterProtoMin: 1},
-				)
-			} else {
-				exprs = append(exprs, &expr.Redir{})
-			}
-		} else {
-			if ip4 := ip.To4(); ip4 != nil {
-				exprs = append(exprs,
-					&expr.Immediate{Register: 1, Data: ip4},
-				)
-				natExpr := &expr.NAT{
-					Type:       expr.NATTypeDestNAT,
-					Family:     unix.NFPROTO_IPV4,
-					RegAddrMin: 1,
-					RegAddrMax: 1,
+			if srcAddr != "" {
+				src, err := matchSourceCIDR(srcAddr)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
 				}
+				exprs = append(exprs, src...)
+			}
+
+			exprs = append(exprs, m.exprs...)
+
+			if logLevel != "" {
+				exprs = append(exprs, buildLog(logLevel, tag)...)
+			}
+
+			ip := net.ParseIP(dnatAddr)
+			if ip == nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("invalid DNAT address %q", dnatAddr)
+			}
+
+			if action == config.RuleRedirect {
 				if dnatPort > 0 {
 					portBytes := make([]byte, 2)
 					binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(portBytes, dnatPort)
 					exprs = append(exprs,
-						&expr.Immediate{Register: 2, Data: portBytes},
+						&expr.Immediate{Register: 1, Data: portBytes},
+						&expr.Redir{RegisterProtoMin: 1},
 					)
-					natExpr.RegProtoMin = 2
-					natExpr.RegProtoMax = 2
+				} else {
+					exprs = append(exprs, &expr.Redir{})
 				}
-				exprs = append(exprs, natExpr)
 			} else {
-				exprs = append(exprs,
-					&expr.Immediate{Register: 1, Data: ip.To16()},
-				)
-				natExpr := &expr.NAT{
-					Type:       expr.NATTypeDestNAT,
-					Family:     unix.NFPROTO_IPV6,
-					RegAddrMin: 1,
-					RegAddrMax: 1,
-				}
-				if dnatPort > 0 {
-					portBytes := make([]byte, 2)
-					binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(portBytes, dnatPort)
+				if ip4 := ip.To4(); ip4 != nil {
 					exprs = append(exprs,
-						&expr.Immediate{Register: 2, Data: portBytes},
+						&expr.Immediate{Register: 1, Data: ip4},
 					)
-					natExpr.RegProtoMin = 2
-					natExpr.RegProtoMax = 2
+					natExpr := &expr.NAT{
+						Type:       expr.NATTypeDestNAT,
+						Family:     unix.NFPROTO_IPV4,
+						RegAddrMin: 1,
+						RegAddrMax: 1,
+					}
+					if dnatPort > 0 {
+						portBytes := make([]byte, 2)
+						binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(portBytes, dnatPort)
+						exprs = append(exprs,
+							&expr.Immediate{Register: 2, Data: portBytes},
+						)
+						natExpr.RegProtoMin = 2
+						natExpr.RegProtoMax = 2
+					}
+					exprs = append(exprs, natExpr)
+				} else {
+					exprs = append(exprs,
+						&expr.Immediate{Register: 1, Data: ip.To16()},
+					)
+					natExpr := &expr.NAT{
+						Type:       expr.NATTypeDestNAT,
+						Family:     unix.NFPROTO_IPV6,
+						RegAddrMin: 1,
+						RegAddrMax: 1,
+					}
+					if dnatPort > 0 {
+						portBytes := make([]byte, 2)
+						binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(portBytes, dnatPort)
+						exprs = append(exprs,
+							&expr.Immediate{Register: 2, Data: portBytes},
+						)
+						natExpr.RegProtoMin = 2
+						natExpr.RegProtoMax = 2
+					}
+					exprs = append(exprs, natExpr)
 				}
-				exprs = append(exprs, natExpr)
 			}
-		}
 
-		state.Rules[chain] = append(state.Rules[chain], ManagedRule{
-			Chain: chain,
-			Exprs: exprs,
-			Tag:   tag,
-		})
+			state.Rules[chain] = append(state.Rules[chain], ManagedRule{
+				Chain: chain,
+				Exprs: exprs,
+				Tag:   tag,
+			})
+		}
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -588,25 +585,12 @@ func (c *Compiler) compileSNAT(state *FirewallState) error {
 			exprs = append(exprs, srcExprs...)
 		}
 
-		if snat.Proto != "" {
-			exprs = append(exprs, matchProto(snat.Proto)...)
-		}
-
-		for _, portStr := range snat.DPort {
-			pe, err := parsePortOrRange(portStr)
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("snat[%d] dport: %w", i, err)
-			}
-			exprs = append(exprs, pe...)
-		}
-
-		for _, portStr := range snat.SPort {
-			pe, err := parseSPortOrRange(portStr)
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("snat[%d] sport: %w", i, err)
-			}
-			exprs = append(exprs, pe...)
+		matches, err := l4Matches(snat.Proto, snat.DPort, snat.SPort)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("snat[%d]: %w", i, err)
 		}
+		head := exprs
+		exprs = nil
 
 		if snat.Mark != "" {
 			exprs = append(exprs, matchMark(snat.Mark)...)
@@ -652,11 +636,13 @@ func (c *Compiler) compileSNAT(state *FirewallState) error {
 			}
 		}
 
-		state.Rules["postrouting"] = append(state.Rules["postrouting"], ManagedRule{
-			Chain: "postrouting",
-			Exprs: exprs,
-			Tag:   tag,
-		})
+		for _, m := range matches {
+			state.Rules["postrouting"] = append(state.Rules["postrouting"], ManagedRule{
+				Chain: "postrouting",
+				Exprs: append(append(append([]expr.Any{}, head...), m.exprs...), exprs...),
+				Tag:   tag,
+			})
+		}
 	}
 
 	return nil
@@ -922,7 +908,7 @@ func (c *Compiler) expandZoneRef(ref string) []string {
 	return []string{base}
 }
 
-func (c *Compiler) buildMatchExprs(srcIface, dstIface, chain, proto string, dports, sports config.PortSpec, srcAddr, dstAddr string) ([]expr.Any, error) {
+func (c *Compiler) buildMatchExprs(srcIface, dstIface, chain, proto string, dports, sports config.PortSpec, srcAddr, dstAddr string) ([]l4Match, error) {
 	var exprs []expr.Any
 
 	if srcIface != "" {
@@ -948,34 +934,76 @@ func (c *Compiler) buildMatchExprs(srcIface, dstIface, chain, proto string, dpor
 		exprs = append(exprs, dst...)
 	}
 
+	matches, err := l4Matches(proto, dports, sports)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	for i := range matches {
+		matches[i].exprs = append(append([]expr.Any{}, exprs...), matches[i].exprs...)
+	}
+	return matches, nil
+}
+
+type l4Match struct {
+	proto string
+	exprs []expr.Any
+}
+
+// l4Matches yields one alternative per (proto, dport, sport): nft ANDs a rule's exprs, so lists need one rule each.
+func l4Matches(proto string, dports, sports config.PortSpec) ([]l4Match, error) {
+	protos := []string{""}
 	if proto != "" {
-		exprs = append(exprs, matchProto(proto)...)
+		protos = strings.Split(proto, ",")
 	}
 
-	isICMP := strings.EqualFold(proto, "icmp") || strings.EqualFold(proto, "icmpv6") || strings.EqualFold(proto, "ipv6-icmp")
-
-	for _, portStr := range dports {
+	var out []l4Match
+	for _, p := range protos {
+		p = strings.TrimSpace(p)
+		isICMP := strings.EqualFold(p, "icmp") || strings.EqualFold(p, "icmpv6") || strings.EqualFold(p, "ipv6-icmp")
+		parseD := parsePortOrRange
 		if isICMP {
-			pe := matchICMPType(portStr)
-			exprs = append(exprs, pe...)
-		} else {
-			pe, err := parsePortOrRange(portStr)
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-			exprs = append(exprs, pe...)
+			parseD = func(s string) ([]expr.Any, error) { return matchICMPType(s), nil }
 		}
-	}
-
-	for _, portStr := range sports {
-		pe, err := parseSPortOrRange(portStr)
+		dalts, err := portAlternatives(dports, parseD)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		exprs = append(exprs, pe...)
+		salts, err := portAlternatives(sports, parseSPortOrRange)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		for _, d := range dalts {
+			for _, sp := range salts {
+				var e []expr.Any
+				if p != "" {
+					e = append(e, matchProto(p)...)
+				}
+				e = append(append(e, d...), sp...)
+				out = append(out, l4Match{proto: p, exprs: e})
+			}
+		}
 	}
+	return out, nil
+}
 
-	return exprs, nil
+func portAlternatives(ports config.PortSpec, parse func(string) ([]expr.Any, error)) ([][]expr.Any, error) {
+	var alts [][]expr.Any
+	for _, item := range ports {
+		for _, s := range strings.Split(item, ",") {
+			if s = strings.TrimSpace(s); s == "" {
+				continue
+			}
+			e, err := parse(s)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			alts = append(alts, e)
+		}
+	}
+	if len(alts) == 0 {
+		return [][]expr.Any{nil}, nil
+	}
+	return alts, nil
 }
 
 // matchIfaceName matches an interface name, supporting wildcard "+" suffix.
@@ -1218,8 +1246,8 @@ func matchConnLimit(spec string) []expr.Any {
 }
 
 func parsePortOrRange(s string) ([]expr.Any, error) {
-	if strings.Contains(s, "-") {
-		parts := strings.SplitN(s, "-", 2)
+	if i := strings.IndexAny(s, "-:"); i >= 0 {
+		parts := []string{s[:i], s[i+1:]}
 		low, err := strconv.ParseUint(parts[0], 10, 16)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid port range low %q: %w", parts[0], err)
@@ -1238,8 +1266,8 @@ func parsePortOrRange(s string) ([]expr.Any, error) {
 }
 
 func parseSPortOrRange(s string) ([]expr.Any, error) {
-	if strings.Contains(s, "-") {
-		parts := strings.SplitN(s, "-", 2)
+	if i := strings.IndexAny(s, "-:"); i >= 0 {
+		parts := []string{s[:i], s[i+1:]}
 		low, err := strconv.ParseUint(parts[0], 10, 16)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid sport range low %q: %w", parts[0], err)
diff --git a/internal/nftables/compiler_test.go b/internal/nftables/compiler_test.go
index 84fa751..bcc1db7 100644
--- a/internal/nftables/compiler_test.go
+++ b/internal/nftables/compiler_test.go
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 package nftables
 
 import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/google/nftables/expr"
@@ -1531,3 +1535,93 @@ func TestCompile_PolicyRateLimit(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	t.Error("policy:0 not found in input chain")
 }
+
+func TestCompile_PortAndProtoLists(t *testing.T) {
+	type want struct {
+		proto byte
+		dport string // "80" for an exact compare, "8000-8100" for a range
+	}
+	tests := []struct {
+		name  string
+		rule  config.Rule
+		chain string
+		want  []want
+	}{
+		{
+			name:  "multi-port",
+			rule:  config.Rule{Action: config.RuleAccept, Source: "net", Dest: "fw", Proto: "tcp", DPort: config.PortSpec{"80", "443"}},
+			chain: "input",
+			want:  []want{{6, "80"}, {6, "443"}},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "range in list",
+			rule:  config.Rule{Action: config.RuleAccept, Source: "net", Dest: "fw", Proto: "tcp", DPort: config.PortSpec{"22", "8000:8100"}},
+			chain: "input",
+			want:  []want{{6, "22"}, {6, "8000-8100"}},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "comma string",
+			rule:  config.Rule{Action: config.RuleAccept, Source: "net", Dest: "fw", Proto: "tcp", DPort: config.PortSpec{"80,443"}},
+			chain: "input",
+			want:  []want{{6, "80"}, {6, "443"}},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "tcp,udp",
+			rule:  config.Rule{Action: config.RuleAccept, Source: "net", Dest: "fw", Proto: "tcp,udp", DPort: config.PortSpec{"53"}},
+			chain: "input",
+			want:  []want{{6, "53"}, {17, "53"}},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "dnat tcp,udp",
+			rule:  config.Rule{Action: config.RuleDNAT, Source: "net", Dest: "fw:192.0.2.10", Proto: "tcp,udp", DPort: config.PortSpec{"53"}},
+			chain: "prerouting",
+			want:  []want{{6, "53"}, {17, "53"}},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			cfg := &config.Config{
+				Settings:   config.Settings{TableName: "test", AddressFamily: config.FamilyINET},
+				Zones:      map[string]config.Zone{"fw": {Type: config.ZoneFirewall}, "net": {Type: config.ZoneIP}},
+				Interfaces: []config.Interface{{Zone: "net", Interface: "eth0"}},
+				Policy:     []config.Policy{{Source: "all", Dest: "all", Action: config.PolicyDrop}},
+				Rules:      []config.Rule{tt.rule},
+				PortGroups: make(map[string]config.PortGroup),
+			}
+			state, err := NewCompiler(cfg).Compile()
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("Compile() error: %v", err)
+			}
+
+			var got []want
+			for _, r := range state.Rules[tt.chain] {
+				if r.Tag != "rule:0" {
+					continue
+				}
+				var w want
+				var portCmps []string
+				for i, e := range r.Exprs {
+					if m, ok := e.(*expr.Meta); ok && m.Key == expr.MetaKeyL4PROTO {
+						w.proto = r.Exprs[i+1].(*expr.Cmp).Data[0]
+					}
+					if p, ok := e.(*expr.Payload); ok && p.Base == expr.PayloadBaseTransportHeader && p.Offset == 2 {
+						for _, c := range r.Exprs[i+1:] {
+							cmp, ok := c.(*expr.Cmp)
+							if !ok {
+								break
+							}
+							portCmps = append(portCmps, fmt.Sprint(binary.BigEndian.Uint16(cmp.Data)))
+						}
+					}
+				}
+				w.dport = strings.Join(portCmps, "-")
+				got = append(got, w)
+			}
+
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, tt.want) {
+				t.Errorf("rules = %+v, want %+v", got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}