Add rpm virtual repositories (#131 )

Virtual repos only merge helm and pypi, so several rpm repos (e.g. many github_rpm remotes) cannot be served as one yum repo. - merge member primary/filelists/other into one repodata set; member order wins duplicate NEVRAs - read member repodata through local, github_rpm and proxied remote paths - prefix package locations (incl. xml:base under a member upstream) with the member name and 302 them to the member route - reject absolute and dot-segment member paths; escape the redirect and keep its query - return 502 when any member's repodata is unavailable - reuse each virtual's merge for 60s behind singleflight; serve data files from its current and previous merge (per replica) - add merger/engine unit tests and a dockerised dnf e2e case Reviewed-on: #131 Co-authored-by: unkin-agent <unkin-agent@unkin.net> Co-committed-by: unkin-agent <unkin-agent@unkin.net>
Add cargo sparse registry remote type (#132 )
2026-10-09 22:07:20 +11:00 · 2026-10-09 21:44:17 +11:00
19 changed files with 1283 additions and 4 deletions
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # ArtifactAPI

-Caching proxy for package repositories. Single Go binary, 10 package types, content-addressable storage, managed by Terraform.
+Caching proxy for package repositories. Single Go binary, 11 package types, content-addressable storage, managed by Terraform.

 ## Quick Start

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ API: `http://localhost:8000` | Frontend: `http://localhost:5173`
 | `puppet` | `v3/modules/*`, `v3/releases*` | `.tar.gz` |
 | `terraform` | `*/versions` | `*/download/*/*` |
 | `goproxy` | `@v/list`, `@latest` | `.info`, `.mod`, `.zip` |
+| `cargo` | sparse index files (`config.json` synthesized) | `crates/*/*.crate` |
 | `github_rpm` | `repodata/*` (synthesized) | `.rpm` (redirected) |

 Providers classify paths automatically. Users only configure what to proxy and TTLs.
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ already-running stack.

 - **Repository lifecycle** — add / change / delete for remote, local and virtual repos.
 - **Caching** — one immutable artifact per remote package type (generic, docker,
-  helm, pypi, npm, rpm, alpine, puppet, terraform, goproxy) proxied through the
+  helm, pypi, npm, rpm, alpine, puppet, terraform, goproxy, cargo) proxied through the
  mock upstream: first fetch `X-Artifact-Source: remote`, second `cache`, bytes
  verified against the origin fixture.
 - **Local uploads** — generic (upload/download), pypi (wheel + generated `simple/`
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ func TestCachingPerProvider(t *testing.T) {
 		{"alpine", "alpine/x86_64/testpkg-1.0-r0.apk", "alpine/x86_64/testpkg-1.0-r0.apk"},
 		{"puppet", "puppet-releases/author-mod-1.0.0.tar.gz", "puppet-releases/author-mod-1.0.0.tar.gz"},
 		{"goproxy", "goproxy/example.com/mod/@v/v1.0.0.zip", "goproxy/example.com/mod/@v/v1.0.0.zip"},
+		{"cargo", "crates/mycrate/mycrate-1.0.0.crate", "crates/mycrate/mycrate-1.0.0.crate"},
 		{"terraform", "hashicorp/aws/download/pkg.zip", "v1/providers/hashicorp/aws/download/pkg.zip"},
 		{"docker", "library/testimg/blobs/blobdata", "v2/library/testimg/blobs/blobdata"},
 	}
@@ -3,9 +3,17 @@
 package e2edocker

 import (
+	"bytes"
+	"compress/gzip"
+	"encoding/xml"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"net/http"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 )

 // TestVirtualPyPIMerge uploads different packages to two pypi locals and
@@ -52,3 +60,79 @@ func TestVirtualHelmMerge(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("merged helm index missing a member chart (want alpha and beta): %s", s)
 	}
 }
+
+// TestVirtualRPMMerge merges a remote rpm repo and a local rpm repo carrying the
+// same package: the first member wins the duplicate, its package download
+// routes through the virtual, and a real dnf can consume the merged repo.
+func TestVirtualRPMMerge(t *testing.T) {
+	createRepo(t, `{"name":"vrpm-remote","package_type":"rpm","repo_type":"remote","base_url":"`+mockUpstream()+`/rpm-mirror","stale_on_error":true}`)
+	createRepo(t, `{"name":"vrpm-local","package_type":"rpm","repo_type":"local"}`)
+	defer deleteRepo(t, "vrpm-remote")
+	defer deleteRepo(t, "vrpm-local")
+
+	pkg := fixtureBytes(t, "rpmrepo/Packages/e2e-testpkg-1.0-1.noarch.rpm")
+	uploadFile(t, "vrpm-local", "e2e-testpkg-1.0-1.noarch.rpm", pkg, "application/x-rpm")
+
+	createVirtual(t, `{"name":"vrpm","package_type":"rpm","members":["vrpm-remote","vrpm-local"]}`)
+	defer deleteVirtual(t, "vrpm")
+
+	resp, body := getEventually(t, api("/api/v1/virtual/vrpm/repodata/repomd.xml"), 15*time.Second)
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("virtual repomd.xml: status %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, body)
+	}
+	var md struct {
+		Data []struct {
+			Type     string `xml:"type,attr"`
+			Location struct {
+				Href string `xml:"href,attr"`
+			} `xml:"location"`
+		} `xml:"data"`
+	}
+	if err := xml.Unmarshal(body, &md); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("parse repomd.xml: %v\n%s", err, body)
+	}
+	var primary []byte
+	for _, d := range md.Data {
+		if d.Type == "primary" {
+			resp, gz := doRequest(t, http.MethodGet, api("/api/v1/virtual/vrpm/"+d.Location.Href), nil, "")
+			if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+				t.Fatalf("primary: status %d", resp.StatusCode)
+			}
+			r, err := gzip.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(gz))
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			primary, _ = io.ReadAll(r)
+		}
+	}
+	href := "vrpm-remote/Packages/e2e-testpkg-1.0-1.noarch.rpm"
+	if strings.Count(string(primary), "<name>e2e-testpkg</name>") != 1 || !strings.Contains(string(primary), `href="`+href+`"`) {
+		t.Fatalf("merged primary should hold one e2e-testpkg owned by the first member:\n%s", primary)
+	}
+
+	resp, got := doRequest(t, http.MethodGet, api("/api/v1/virtual/vrpm/"+href), nil, "")
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK || !bytes.Equal(got, pkg) {
+		t.Fatalf("package via virtual: status %d, %d bytes (want %d)", resp.StatusCode, len(got), len(pkg))
+	}
+
+	network := os.Getenv("COMPOSE_NETWORK")
+	internal := os.Getenv("ARTIFACTAPI_INTERNAL")
+	if network == "" || internal == "" {
+		t.Skip("COMPOSE_NETWORK/ARTIFACTAPI_INTERNAL not set; skipping real dnf")
+	}
+	if _, err := exec.LookPath("docker"); err != nil {
+		t.Skip("docker not available on the test host")
+	}
+	repoConf := fmt.Sprintf("[vrpm]\nname=vrpm\nbaseurl=%s/api/v1/virtual/vrpm/\nenabled=1\ngpgcheck=0\nmetadata_expire=0\n", strings.TrimRight(internal, "/"))
+	script := "set -euo pipefail; " +
+		"printf '%s' \"$REPO\" > /etc/yum.repos.d/vrpm.repo; " +
+		"dnf -y --disablerepo='*' --enablerepo=vrpm makecache; " +
+		"dnf -y --disablerepo='*' --enablerepo=vrpm list --available; " +
+		"dnf -y --disablerepo='*' --enablerepo=vrpm install e2e-testpkg; " +
+		"rpm -q e2e-testpkg"
+	out, err := exec.Command("docker", "run", "--rm", "--network", network, "-e", "REPO="+repoConf,
+		"rockylinux:9", "bash", "-c", script).CombinedOutput()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("real dnf against rpm virtual failed: %v\n%s", err, out)
+	}
+}
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/testcontainers/testcontainers-go/modules/redis v0.42.0
 	github.com/ulikunitz/xz v0.5.16
 	golang.org/x/crypto v0.54.0
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.22.0
 	golang.org/x/time v0.15.0
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1
 )
@@ -101,7 +102,6 @@ require (
 	go.uber.org/atomic v1.11.0 // indirect
 	go.yaml.in/yaml/v3 v3.0.4 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/net v0.56.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.22.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sys v0.47.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/text v0.40.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.67.2 // indirect
@@ -162,7 +162,21 @@ func (h *ProxyHandler) handleVirtual(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {

 	proxyBaseURL := fmt.Sprintf("%s://%s", scheme(r), r.Host)

+	loc, ok, err := h.virtualEngine.MemberRedirect(r.Context(), *virt, path, r.URL.RawQuery, proxyBaseURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
+		return
+	}
+	if ok {
+		http.Redirect(w, r, loc, http.StatusFound)
+		return
+	}
+
 	body, contentType, err := h.virtualEngine.Fetch(r.Context(), *virt, path, proxyBaseURL)
+	if errors.Is(err, virtual.ErrNotFound) {
+		http.Error(w, "not found", http.StatusNotFound)
+		return
+	}
 	if err != nil {
 		slog.Error("virtual fetch failed", "virtual", virtualName, "path", path, "error", err)
 		http.Error(w, "bad gateway", http.StatusBadGateway)
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+// Package cargo proxies a Cargo sparse registry (RFC 2789): mutable index
+// files plus immutable .crate downloads, with config.json synthesized so
+// cargo fetches crates back through artifactapi.
+package cargo
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"strings"
+
+	"git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/internal/auth"
+	"git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/internal/provider"
+	"git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/pkg/models"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	provider.Register(&Provider{})
+}
+
+const (
+	crateDir         = "crates/"
+	cratesIOIndex    = "index.crates.io"
+	cratesIODownload = "https://static.crates.io"
+)
+
+type Provider struct{}
+
+func (p *Provider) Type() models.PackageType { return models.PackageCargo }
+
+func (p *Provider) Classify(path string) provider.Mutability {
+	if isCrate(path) {
+		return provider.Immutable
+	}
+	return provider.Mutable
+}
+
+func (p *Provider) ContentType(path string) string {
+	if isCrate(path) {
+		return "application/gzip"
+	}
+	if path == "config.json" {
+		return "application/json"
+	}
+	return "text/plain"
+}
+
+// UpstreamURL maps crates/{crate}/{crate}-{version}.crate to the download host
+// and everything else to the index. crates.io splits the two across hosts;
+// any other upstream is expected to serve both.
+func (p *Provider) UpstreamURL(remote models.Remote, path string) string {
+	path = strings.TrimLeft(path, "/")
+	base := strings.TrimRight(remote.BaseURL, "/")
+	if isCrate(path) {
+		if u, err := url.Parse(base); err == nil && u.Host == cratesIOIndex {
+			base = cratesIODownload
+		}
+	}
+	return base + "/" + path
+}
+
+func (p *Provider) RewriteResponse(_ []byte, _ models.Remote, _ string) ([]byte, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func (p *Provider) AuthHeaders(_ context.Context, remote models.Remote) (http.Header, error) {
+	return auth.BasicHeaders(remote), nil
+}
+
+// ServeRemote answers config.json itself: dl must name the requesting host,
+// which a cached upstream body cannot.
+func (p *Provider) ServeRemote(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, remote models.Remote, path, proxyBaseURL string, _ provider.RemoteMetadataStore) bool {
+	if strings.TrimLeft(path, "/") != "config.json" {
+		return false
+	}
+	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	_ = json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(Config(remote, proxyBaseURL))
+	return true
+}
+
+// Config builds the sparse registry config.json pointing downloads at proxyBaseURL.
+func Config(remote models.Remote, proxyBaseURL string) map[string]string {
+	return map[string]string{
+		"dl": strings.TrimRight(proxyBaseURL, "/") + "/api/v1/remote/" + remote.Name + "/" + crateDir + "{crate}/{crate}-{version}.crate",
+	}
+}
+
+func isCrate(path string) bool {
+	path = strings.TrimLeft(path, "/")
+	return strings.HasPrefix(path, crateDir) && strings.HasSuffix(path, ".crate")
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+package cargo
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"testing"
+
+	"git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/internal/provider"
+	"git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/pkg/models"
+)
+
+func TestClassify(t *testing.T) {
+	p := &Provider{}
+	tests := []struct {
+		path string
+		want provider.Mutability
+	}{
+		{"crates/serde/serde-1.0.200.crate", provider.Immutable},
+		{"se/rd/serde", provider.Mutable},
+		{"1/a", provider.Mutable},
+		{"3/a/anyhow", provider.Mutable},
+		{"config.json", provider.Mutable},
+		{"cr/at/crates", provider.Mutable},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		if got := p.Classify(tt.path); got != tt.want {
+			t.Errorf("Classify(%q) = %v, want %v", tt.path, got, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUpstreamURL(t *testing.T) {
+	p := &Provider{}
+	cratesIO := models.Remote{BaseURL: "https://index.crates.io/"}
+	mirror := models.Remote{BaseURL: "http://mirror.example"}
+	tests := []struct {
+		remote     models.Remote
+		path, want string
+	}{
+		{cratesIO, "se/rd/serde", "https://index.crates.io/se/rd/serde"},
+		{cratesIO, "crates/serde/serde-1.0.200.crate", "https://static.crates.io/crates/serde/serde-1.0.200.crate"},
+		{mirror, "crates/serde/serde-1.0.200.crate", "http://mirror.example/crates/serde/serde-1.0.200.crate"},
+		{mirror, "/2/ab", "http://mirror.example/2/ab"},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		if got := p.UpstreamURL(tt.remote, tt.path); got != tt.want {
+			t.Errorf("UpstreamURL(%q, %q) = %q, want %q", tt.remote.BaseURL, tt.path, got, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestServeRemoteConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	p := &Provider{}
+	remote := models.Remote{Name: "crates-io", BaseURL: "https://index.crates.io"}
+
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	if !p.ServeRemote(w, httptest.NewRequest("GET", "/", nil), remote, "config.json", "https://aa.example/", nil) {
+		t.Fatal("config.json not served")
+	}
+	var cfg map[string]string
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(w.Body.Bytes(), &cfg); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	want := "https://aa.example/api/v1/remote/crates-io/crates/{crate}/{crate}-{version}.crate"
+	if cfg["dl"] != want {
+		t.Errorf("dl = %q, want %q", cfg["dl"], want)
+	}
+	if _, ok := cfg["api"]; ok {
+		t.Error("api must be omitted: publishing through the proxy is unsupported")
+	}
+
+	if p.ServeRemote(httptest.NewRecorder(), httptest.NewRequest("GET", "/", nil), remote, "se/rd/serde", "https://aa.example", nil) {
+		t.Error("index files must fall through to the proxy engine")
+	}
+}
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/internal/gc"
 	"git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/internal/githubauth"
 	"git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/internal/provider/alpine"
+	_ "git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/internal/provider/cargo"
 	"git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/internal/provider/deb"
 	_ "git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/internal/provider/docker"
 	_ "git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/internal/provider/generic"
@@ -2,27 +2,58 @@ package virtual

 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"log/slog"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"net/url"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
+	"time"

 	"git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/internal/database"
 	"git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/internal/provider"
 	"git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/internal/proxy"
 	"git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/pkg/models"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/singleflight"
 )

 type Engine struct {
 	db          *database.DB
 	proxyEngine *proxy.Engine
+	getRemote   func(context.Context, string) (*models.Remote, error)
+	rpmMember   func(context.Context, string) (*RPMMember, error)
+
+	mergeTTL time.Duration
+
+	sf  singleflight.Group
+	mu  sync.Mutex
+	rpm map[string]*rpmGen
 }

+// rpmGen holds a virtual's current merge plus the previous one, so a client
+// holding the previous repomd can still fetch its content-hashed data files.
+type rpmGen struct {
+	cur, prev *RPMRepo
+	at        time.Time
+}
+
+const rpmMergeTTL = 60 * time.Second
+
 func NewEngine(db *database.DB, proxyEngine *proxy.Engine) *Engine {
-	return &Engine{db: db, proxyEngine: proxyEngine}
+	e := &Engine{db: db, proxyEngine: proxyEngine, getRemote: db.GetRemote, mergeTTL: rpmMergeTTL}
+	e.rpmMember = e.fetchRPMMember
+	return e
 }

 func (e *Engine) Fetch(ctx context.Context, virt models.Virtual, path string, proxyBaseURL string) ([]byte, string, error) {
+	if virt.PackageType == models.PackageRPM {
+		return e.fetchRPM(ctx, virt, path)
+	}
+
 	merger, err := GetMerger(virt.PackageType)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("unsupported virtual type %q: %w", virt.PackageType, err)
@@ -133,3 +164,233 @@ func (e *Engine) fetchLocalIndex(ctx context.Context, remote models.Remote, path

 	return indexer.GenerateLocalIndex(ctx, e.db, remote.Name, path)
 }
+
+var (
+	ErrNotFound = errors.New("not found")
+	ErrBadPath  = errors.New("invalid path")
+)
+
+// MemberRedirect maps an rpm virtual package path (<member>/<href>, as written
+// by MergeRPM) to the owning member's route. ok is false for any other path;
+// ErrBadPath means the path is absolute or escapes the member.
+func (e *Engine) MemberRedirect(ctx context.Context, virt models.Virtual, path, rawQuery, proxyBaseURL string) (string, bool, error) {
+	if virt.PackageType != models.PackageRPM || strings.HasPrefix(path, "repodata/") {
+		return "", false, nil
+	}
+	name, rest, found := strings.Cut(path, "/")
+	if !found || !slices.Contains(virt.Members, name) {
+		return "", false, nil
+	}
+	segs, err := memberSegments(rest)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", false, err
+	}
+	remote, err := e.getRemote(ctx, name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", false, nil
+	}
+	loc := fmt.Sprintf("%s/api/v1/%s/%s/%s", strings.TrimRight(proxyBaseURL, "/"), remote.RepoType, url.PathEscape(name), strings.Join(segs, "/"))
+	if rawQuery != "" {
+		loc += "?" + rawQuery
+	}
+	return loc, true, nil
+}
+
+// memberSegments decodes rest and returns its path-escaped segments, rejecting
+// absolute paths and any "." or ".." segment.
+func memberSegments(rest string) ([]string, error) {
+	dec, err := url.PathUnescape(rest)
+	if err != nil || dec == "" || strings.HasPrefix(dec, "/") {
+		return nil, ErrBadPath
+	}
+	segs := strings.Split(dec, "/")
+	for i, s := range segs {
+		if s == "." || s == ".." || strings.Contains(s, "\\") {
+			return nil, ErrBadPath
+		}
+		segs[i] = url.PathEscape(s)
+	}
+	return segs, nil
+}
+
+func (e *Engine) fetchRPM(ctx context.Context, virt models.Virtual, path string) ([]byte, string, error) {
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(path, "repodata/") {
+		return nil, "", ErrNotFound
+	}
+	if path != "repodata/repomd.xml" {
+		if body, ok := e.cachedRPMFile(virt.Name, path); ok {
+			return body, "application/gzip", nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	repo, err := e.mergedRPM(ctx, virt)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, "", err
+	}
+	if path == "repodata/repomd.xml" {
+		return repo.Repomd, "application/xml", nil
+	}
+	if body, ok := repo.Files[path]; ok {
+		return body, "application/gzip", nil
+	}
+	return nil, "", ErrNotFound
+}
+
+// mergedRPM returns the virtual's merge, reusing it for mergeTTL and
+// collapsing concurrent merges of the same virtual into one.
+// ponytail: per-replica cache; behind a non-sticky LB a data request landing on
+// another replica re-merges and 404s if a member changed in between. Move to the
+// shared redis cache if that shows up.
+func (e *Engine) mergedRPM(ctx context.Context, virt models.Virtual) (*RPMRepo, error) {
+	e.mu.Lock()
+	g := e.rpm[virt.Name]
+	if g != nil && time.Since(g.at) < e.mergeTTL {
+		e.mu.Unlock()
+		return g.cur, nil
+	}
+	e.mu.Unlock()
+
+	v, err, _ := e.sf.Do(virt.Name, func() (any, error) {
+		repo, err := e.mergeRPM(context.WithoutCancel(ctx), virt)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		e.mu.Lock()
+		defer e.mu.Unlock()
+		if e.rpm == nil {
+			e.rpm = map[string]*rpmGen{}
+		}
+		g := e.rpm[virt.Name]
+		switch {
+		case g == nil:
+			e.rpm[virt.Name] = &rpmGen{cur: repo, at: time.Now()}
+		case string(g.cur.Repomd) == string(repo.Repomd):
+			g.at = time.Now()
+			repo = g.cur
+		default:
+			g.prev, g.cur, g.at = g.cur, repo, time.Now()
+		}
+		return repo, nil
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return v.(*RPMRepo), nil
+}
+
+func (e *Engine) mergeRPM(ctx context.Context, virt models.Virtual) (*RPMRepo, error) {
+	members := make([]RPMMember, len(virt.Members))
+	errs := make([]error, len(virt.Members))
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	for i, name := range virt.Members {
+		wg.Add(1)
+		go func() {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			m, err := e.rpmMember(ctx, name)
+			if err != nil {
+				errs[i] = fmt.Errorf("member %q: %w", name, err)
+				return
+			}
+			members[i] = *m
+		}()
+	}
+	wg.Wait()
+	// %v, not %w: a member failure is a 502 whatever its cause, never a 404.
+	if err := errors.Join(errs...); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("virtual %q: %v", virt.Name, err)
+	}
+
+	repo, err := MergeRPM(members)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("merge rpm repodata: %w", err)
+	}
+	return repo, nil
+}
+
+func (e *Engine) cachedRPMFile(virt, path string) ([]byte, bool) {
+	e.mu.Lock()
+	defer e.mu.Unlock()
+	g := e.rpm[virt]
+	if g == nil {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	for _, r := range []*RPMRepo{g.cur, g.prev} {
+		if r == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		if body, ok := r.Files[path]; ok {
+			return body, true
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, false
+}
+
+func (e *Engine) fetchRPMMember(ctx context.Context, name string) (*RPMMember, error) {
+	remote, err := e.getRemote(ctx, name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("remote %q: %w", name, err)
+	}
+	repomd, err := e.fetchMemberPath(ctx, *remote, "repodata/repomd.xml")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	locs, ts, err := parseRepomd(repomd)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	m := &RPMMember{RemoteName: name, Bases: remote.UpstreamPool(), Timestamp: ts, Data: map[string][]byte{}}
+	for t, href := range locs {
+		raw, err := e.fetchMemberPath(ctx, *remote, href)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if m.Data[t], err = decompress(href, raw); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("decompress %s: %w", href, err)
+		}
+	}
+	return m, nil
+}
+
+// fetchMemberPath reads one path from a member the same way its own route
+// would serve it: local index, synthesized remote (e.g. github_rpm), or proxy.
+func (e *Engine) fetchMemberPath(ctx context.Context, remote models.Remote, path string) ([]byte, error) {
+	prov, err := provider.Get(remote.PackageType)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("provider %q: %w", remote.PackageType, err)
+	}
+
+	var serve func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) bool
+	if remote.RepoType == models.RepoTypeLocal {
+		indexer, ok := prov.(provider.LocalIndexer)
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("provider %q does not serve a local index", remote.PackageType)
+		}
+		serve = func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) bool {
+			return indexer.ServeLocalIndex(w, r, e.db, remote.Name, path)
+		}
+	} else if rs, ok := prov.(provider.RemoteServer); ok {
+		serve = func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) bool {
+			return rs.ServeRemote(w, r, remote, path, "", e.db)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if serve != nil {
+		rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+		if serve(rec, httptest.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodGet, "/"+path, nil)) {
+			if rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s/%s: status %d", remote.Name, path, rec.Code)
+			}
+			return rec.Body.Bytes(), nil
+		}
+		if remote.RepoType == models.RepoTypeLocal {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s/%s: %w", remote.Name, path, ErrNotFound)
+		}
+	}
+
+	res, err := e.proxyEngine.Fetch(ctx, remote, path, prov)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("fetch %s/%s: %w", remote.Name, path, err)
+	}
+	defer res.Reader.Close()
+	return io.ReadAll(res.Reader)
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+package virtual
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"regexp"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"git.unkin.net/unkin/artifactapi/pkg/models"
+)
+
+func fakeEngine(members map[string]*RPMMember) *Engine {
+	return &Engine{
+		getRemote: func(_ context.Context, name string) (*models.Remote, error) {
+			return &models.Remote{Name: name, RepoType: models.RepoTypeRemote}, nil
+		},
+		rpmMember: func(_ context.Context, name string) (*RPMMember, error) {
+			if m := members[name]; m != nil {
+				return m, nil
+			}
+			return nil, errors.New("upstream down")
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func rpmVirt(members ...string) models.Virtual {
+	return models.Virtual{Name: "v", PackageType: models.PackageRPM, Members: members}
+}
+
+func TestFetchRPMFailsClosed(t *testing.T) {
+	e := fakeEngine(map[string]*RPMMember{
+		"a": {RemoteName: "a", Data: map[string][]byte{"primary": primaryXML(primaryPkgXML("foo", "1", "aaa", "foo.rpm"))}},
+	})
+	_, _, err := e.Fetch(context.Background(), rpmVirt("a", "b"), "repodata/repomd.xml", "")
+	if err == nil || errors.Is(err, ErrNotFound) {
+		t.Fatalf("want upstream error with a member down, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFetchRPMDataSurvivesMemberChange(t *testing.T) {
+	m := &RPMMember{RemoteName: "a", Data: map[string][]byte{"primary": primaryXML(primaryPkgXML("foo", "1", "aaa", "foo.rpm"))}}
+	e := fakeEngine(map[string]*RPMMember{"a": m})
+	virt := rpmVirt("a")
+
+	repomd, _, err := e.Fetch(context.Background(), virt, "repodata/repomd.xml", "")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	m.Data = map[string][]byte{"primary": primaryXML(primaryPkgXML("foo", "2", "bbb", "foo2.rpm"))}
+
+	href := regexp.MustCompile(`repodata/[0-9a-f]+-primary\.xml\.gz`).Find(repomd)
+	body, _, err := e.Fetch(context.Background(), virt, string(href), "")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("data from previous repomd must stay resolvable: %v", err)
+	}
+	if got := string(gunzip(t, body)); !regexp.MustCompile(`ver="1"`).MatchString(got) {
+		t.Fatalf("served wrong primary:\n%s", got)
+	}
+
+	newMD, _, err := e.Fetch(context.Background(), virt, "repodata/repomd.xml", "")
+	if err != nil || string(newMD) == string(repomd) {
+		t.Fatalf("repomd should reflect the member change (err %v)", err)
+	}
+	if _, _, err := e.Fetch(context.Background(), virt, string(href), ""); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("previous generation must survive one re-merge: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFetchRPMLocalMemberWithoutRepodataIsUpstreamError(t *testing.T) {
+	e := fakeEngine(map[string]*RPMMember{
+		"a": {RemoteName: "a", Data: map[string][]byte{"primary": primaryXML(primaryPkgXML("foo", "1", "aaa", "foo.rpm"))}},
+	})
+	e.rpmMember = func(_ context.Context, name string) (*RPMMember, error) {
+		if name == "local" {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("local/repodata/repomd.xml: %w", ErrNotFound)
+		}
+		return &RPMMember{RemoteName: name, Data: map[string][]byte{"primary": primaryXML(primaryPkgXML("foo", "1", "aaa", "foo.rpm"))}}, nil
+	}
+	_, _, err := e.Fetch(context.Background(), rpmVirt("a", "local"), "repodata/repomd.xml", "")
+	if err == nil || errors.Is(err, ErrNotFound) {
+		t.Fatalf("member failure must not surface as not-found, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFetchRPMMergeIsShared(t *testing.T) {
+	var calls atomic.Int32
+	e := fakeEngine(nil)
+	e.mergeTTL = time.Minute
+	e.rpmMember = func(_ context.Context, name string) (*RPMMember, error) {
+		calls.Add(1)
+		time.Sleep(20 * time.Millisecond)
+		return &RPMMember{RemoteName: name, Data: map[string][]byte{"primary": primaryXML(primaryPkgXML("foo", "1", "aaa", "foo.rpm"))}}, nil
+	}
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	for range 10 {
+		wg.Add(1)
+		go func() {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			if _, _, err := e.Fetch(context.Background(), rpmVirt("a"), "repodata/repomd.xml", ""); err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+	wg.Wait()
+	if _, _, err := e.Fetch(context.Background(), rpmVirt("a"), "repodata/repomd.xml", ""); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if n := calls.Load(); n != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("member fetched %d times, want 1", n)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFetchRPMDataScopedToVirtual(t *testing.T) {
+	e := fakeEngine(map[string]*RPMMember{
+		"a": {RemoteName: "a", Data: map[string][]byte{"primary": primaryXML(primaryPkgXML("foo", "1", "aaa", "foo.rpm"))}},
+		"b": {RemoteName: "b", Data: map[string][]byte{"primary": primaryXML(primaryPkgXML("bar", "1", "bbb", "bar.rpm"))}},
+	})
+	virtA := models.Virtual{Name: "va", PackageType: models.PackageRPM, Members: []string{"a"}}
+	virtB := models.Virtual{Name: "vb", PackageType: models.PackageRPM, Members: []string{"b"}}
+
+	repomd, _, err := e.Fetch(context.Background(), virtA, "repodata/repomd.xml", "")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	href := regexp.MustCompile(`repodata/[0-9a-f]+-primary\.xml\.gz`).Find(repomd)
+	if _, _, err := e.Fetch(context.Background(), virtB, string(href), ""); !errors.Is(err, ErrNotFound) {
+		t.Fatalf("virtual vb served va's data file (err %v)", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMemberRedirect(t *testing.T) {
+	e := fakeEngine(nil)
+	virt := rpmVirt("gh", "other")
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		path, query, want string
+		ok                bool
+		err               error
+	}{
+		{path: "gh/o/r/releases/download/v1/c++-1.rpm", query: "x=1", ok: true,
+			want: "http://h/api/v1/remote/gh/o/r/releases/download/v1/c++-1.rpm?x=1"},
+		{path: "gh/a%20b/c%3Fd.rpm", ok: true, want: "http://h/api/v1/remote/gh/a%20b/c%3Fd.rpm"},
+		{path: "gh/../../remote/other/x", err: ErrBadPath},
+		{path: "gh/%2e%2e/%2e%2e/remote/other/x", err: ErrBadPath},
+		{path: "gh/a/./b", err: ErrBadPath},
+		{path: "gh//etc/passwd", err: ErrBadPath},
+		{path: "repodata/repomd.xml"},
+		{path: "nope/x.rpm"},
+	} {
+		got, ok, err := e.MemberRedirect(context.Background(), virt, tc.path, tc.query, "http://h/")
+		if got != tc.want || ok != tc.ok || !errors.Is(err, tc.err) {
+			t.Errorf("%s: got (%q, %v, %v), want (%q, %v, %v)", tc.path, got, ok, err, tc.want, tc.ok, tc.err)
+		}
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,298 @@
+package virtual
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"compress/bzip2"
+	"compress/gzip"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/xml"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/klauspost/compress/zstd"
+	"github.com/ulikunitz/xz"
+)
+
+var rpmDataTypes = []string{"primary", "filelists", "other"}
+
+var rpmRoots = map[string]string{
+	"primary":   `<metadata xmlns="http://linux.duke.edu/metadata/common" xmlns:rpm="http://linux.duke.edu/metadata/rpm" packages="%d">`,
+	"filelists": `<filelists xmlns="http://linux.duke.edu/metadata/filelists" packages="%d">`,
+	"other":     `<otherdata xmlns="http://linux.duke.edu/metadata/other" packages="%d">`,
+}
+
+var rpmRootClose = map[string]string{"primary": "</metadata>", "filelists": "</filelists>", "other": "</otherdata>"}
+
+var locationRe = regexp.MustCompile(`<location\b[^>]*/>`)
+
+// RPMMember is one member repo's decompressed primary/filelists/other XML,
+// keyed by repomd data type. Missing types contribute no packages.
+type RPMMember struct {
+	RemoteName string
+	Bases      []string
+	Timestamp  int64
+	Data       map[string][]byte
+}
+
+// RPMRepo is a merged yum repo: repomd.xml plus the files it references, keyed
+// by their path under the repo root.
+type RPMRepo struct {
+	Repomd []byte
+	Files  map[string][]byte
+}
+
+type repomdDoc struct {
+	Revision string       `xml:"revision"`
+	Data     []repomdData `xml:"data"`
+}
+
+type repomdData struct {
+	Type     string `xml:"type,attr"`
+	Location struct {
+		Href string `xml:"href,attr"`
+	} `xml:"location"`
+	Timestamp int64 `xml:"timestamp"`
+}
+
+type rpmPkgVersion struct {
+	Epoch string `xml:"epoch,attr"`
+	Ver   string `xml:"ver,attr"`
+	Rel   string `xml:"rel,attr"`
+}
+
+type primaryPkg struct {
+	Name     string        `xml:"name"`
+	Arch     string        `xml:"arch"`
+	Version  rpmPkgVersion `xml:"version"`
+	Checksum string        `xml:"checksum"`
+	Location struct {
+		Href string `xml:"href,attr"`
+		Base string `xml:"http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace base,attr"`
+	} `xml:"location"`
+}
+
+type pkgidPkg struct {
+	PkgID string `xml:"pkgid,attr"`
+}
+
+// parseRepomd returns the member's primary/filelists/other locations and its
+// newest data timestamp.
+func parseRepomd(body []byte) (map[string]string, int64, error) {
+	var doc repomdDoc
+	if err := xml.Unmarshal(body, &doc); err != nil {
+		return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("parse repomd.xml: %w", err)
+	}
+	locs := map[string]string{}
+	var ts int64
+	for _, d := range doc.Data {
+		for _, t := range rpmDataTypes {
+			if d.Type == t && d.Location.Href != "" {
+				locs[t] = d.Location.Href
+				ts = max(ts, d.Timestamp)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if locs["primary"] == "" {
+		return nil, 0, errors.New("repomd.xml has no primary data")
+	}
+	return locs, ts, nil
+}
+
+func decompress(href string, body []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	var r io.Reader
+	switch {
+	case strings.HasSuffix(href, ".gz"):
+		gz, err := gzip.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(body))
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		r = gz
+	case strings.HasSuffix(href, ".xz"):
+		x, err := xz.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(body))
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		r = x
+	case strings.HasSuffix(href, ".zst"):
+		z, err := zstd.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(body))
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		defer z.Close()
+		r = z
+	case strings.HasSuffix(href, ".bz2"):
+		r = bzip2.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(body))
+	default:
+		return body, nil
+	}
+	return io.ReadAll(r)
+}
+
+// splitPackages returns the raw bytes of each top-level <package> element.
+func splitPackages(doc []byte) ([][]byte, error) {
+	d := xml.NewDecoder(bytes.NewReader(doc))
+	var pkgs [][]byte
+	depth := 0
+	for {
+		start := d.InputOffset()
+		tok, err := d.Token()
+		if err == io.EOF {
+			return pkgs, nil
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		switch t := tok.(type) {
+		case xml.StartElement:
+			if depth == 1 && t.Name.Local == "package" {
+				if err := d.Skip(); err != nil {
+					return nil, err
+				}
+				pkgs = append(pkgs, doc[start:d.InputOffset()])
+				continue
+			}
+			depth++
+		case xml.EndElement:
+			depth--
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// memberHref returns href relative to the member root. An xml:base under one of
+// the member's upstream bases is folded into the href; any other xml:base is a
+// host the member can't serve, so ok is false and the location is left as is.
+func memberHref(m RPMMember, base, href string) (string, bool) {
+	href = strings.TrimLeft(href, "/")
+	if base == "" {
+		return href, true
+	}
+	base = strings.TrimRight(base, "/") + "/"
+	for _, b := range m.Bases {
+		b = strings.TrimRight(b, "/") + "/"
+		if strings.HasPrefix(base, b) {
+			return strings.TrimPrefix(base, b) + href, true
+		}
+	}
+	return "", false
+}
+
+func xmlEscape(s string) string {
+	var b bytes.Buffer
+	_ = xml.EscapeText(&b, []byte(s))
+	return b.String()
+}
+
+// MergeRPM merges members into one repo. Members are in priority order: the
+// first member to carry a NEVRA wins. Package locations are prefixed with the
+// owning member's name so the virtual can route downloads back to it.
+func MergeRPM(members []RPMMember) (*RPMRepo, error) {
+	kept := map[string]bool{}
+	seen := map[string]bool{}
+	out := map[string][][]byte{}
+
+	for i, m := range members {
+		pkgs, err := splitPackages(m.Data["primary"])
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("member %q primary: %w", m.RemoteName, err)
+		}
+		for _, raw := range pkgs {
+			var p primaryPkg
+			if err := xml.Unmarshal(raw, &p); err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("member %q primary package: %w", m.RemoteName, err)
+			}
+			epoch := p.Version.Epoch
+			if epoch == "" {
+				epoch = "0"
+			}
+			nevra := fmt.Sprintf("%s-%s:%s-%s.%s", p.Name, epoch, p.Version.Ver, p.Version.Rel, p.Arch)
+			if seen[nevra] {
+				continue
+			}
+			seen[nevra] = true
+			kept[fmt.Sprintf("%d/%s", i, p.Checksum)] = true
+
+			if href, ok := memberHref(m, p.Location.Base, p.Location.Href); ok {
+				loc := `<location href="` + xmlEscape(m.RemoteName+"/"+href) + `"/>`
+				raw = locationRe.ReplaceAll(raw, []byte(loc))
+			}
+			out["primary"] = append(out["primary"], raw)
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, t := range rpmDataTypes[1:] {
+		emitted := map[string]bool{}
+		for i, m := range members {
+			pkgs, err := splitPackages(m.Data[t])
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("member %q %s: %w", m.RemoteName, t, err)
+			}
+			for _, raw := range pkgs {
+				var p pkgidPkg
+				if err := xml.Unmarshal(raw, &p); err != nil {
+					return nil, fmt.Errorf("member %q %s package: %w", m.RemoteName, t, err)
+				}
+				key := fmt.Sprintf("%d/%s", i, p.PkgID)
+				if kept[key] && !emitted[key] {
+					emitted[key] = true
+					out[t] = append(out[t], raw)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	var ts int64
+	for _, m := range members {
+		ts = max(ts, m.Timestamp)
+	}
+
+	repo := &RPMRepo{Files: map[string][]byte{}}
+	var md bytes.Buffer
+	md.WriteString(xml.Header)
+	md.WriteString(`<repomd xmlns="http://linux.duke.edu/metadata/repo" xmlns:rpm="http://linux.duke.edu/metadata/rpm">` + "\n")
+	fmt.Fprintf(&md, "  <revision>%d</revision>\n", ts)
+	for _, t := range rpmDataTypes {
+		var doc bytes.Buffer
+		doc.WriteString(xml.Header)
+		fmt.Fprintf(&doc, rpmRoots[t]+"\n", len(out[t]))
+		for _, raw := range out[t] {
+			doc.Write(raw)
+			doc.WriteString("\n")
+		}
+		doc.WriteString(rpmRootClose[t] + "\n")
+
+		gz := gzipDeterministic(doc.Bytes())
+		sum := sha256Hex(gz)
+		href := fmt.Sprintf("repodata/%s-%s.xml.gz", sum, t)
+		repo.Files[href] = gz
+
+		fmt.Fprintf(&md, "  <data type=\"%s\">\n", t)
+		fmt.Fprintf(&md, "    <checksum type=\"sha256\">%s</checksum>\n", sum)
+		fmt.Fprintf(&md, "    <open-checksum type=\"sha256\">%s</open-checksum>\n", sha256Hex(doc.Bytes()))
+		fmt.Fprintf(&md, "    <location href=\"%s\"/>\n", href)
+		fmt.Fprintf(&md, "    <timestamp>%d</timestamp>\n", ts)
+		fmt.Fprintf(&md, "    <size>%d</size>\n", len(gz))
+		fmt.Fprintf(&md, "    <open-size>%d</open-size>\n", doc.Len())
+		md.WriteString("  </data>\n")
+	}
+	md.WriteString("</repomd>\n")
+	repo.Repomd = md.Bytes()
+	return repo, nil
+}
+
+func gzipDeterministic(data []byte) []byte {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	gz := gzip.NewWriter(&buf)
+	gz.Header = gzip.Header{OS: 255}
+	_, _ = gz.Write(data)
+	_ = gz.Close()
+	return buf.Bytes()
+}
+
+func sha256Hex(data []byte) string {
+	h := sha256.Sum256(data)
+	return hex.EncodeToString(h[:])
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+package virtual
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"compress/gzip"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/xml"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/klauspost/compress/zstd"
+	"github.com/ulikunitz/xz"
+)
+
+func primaryXML(pkgs ...string) []byte {
+	return []byte(`<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<metadata xmlns="http://linux.duke.edu/metadata/common" xmlns:rpm="http://linux.duke.edu/metadata/rpm" packages="` + fmt.Sprint(len(pkgs)) + `">
+` + strings.Join(pkgs, "\n") + `
+</metadata>`)
+}
+
+func primaryPkgXML(name, ver, pkgid, href string) string {
+	return `<package type="rpm">
+  <name>` + name + `</name>
+  <arch>x86_64</arch>
+  <version epoch="0" ver="` + ver + `" rel="1"/>
+  <checksum type="sha256" pkgid="YES">` + pkgid + `</checksum>
+  <location href="` + href + `"/>
+  <format>
+    <rpm:provides><rpm:entry name="` + name + `"/></rpm:provides>
+  </format>
+</package>`
+}
+
+func filelistsXML(pkgids ...string) []byte {
+	var b strings.Builder
+	b.WriteString(`<?xml version="1.0"?><filelists xmlns="http://linux.duke.edu/metadata/filelists" packages="1">`)
+	for _, id := range pkgids {
+		b.WriteString(`<package pkgid="` + id + `" name="x" arch="x86_64"><version epoch="0" ver="1" rel="1"/><file>/usr/bin/` + id + `</file></package>`)
+	}
+	b.WriteString(`</filelists>`)
+	return []byte(b.String())
+}
+
+func gunzip(t *testing.T, b []byte) []byte {
+	t.Helper()
+	r, err := gzip.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(b))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	out, err := io.ReadAll(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func mergedFile(t *testing.T, repo *RPMRepo, dtype string) []byte {
+	t.Helper()
+	for href, body := range repo.Files {
+		if strings.HasSuffix(href, "-"+dtype+".xml.gz") {
+			return gunzip(t, body)
+		}
+	}
+	t.Fatalf("no %s file in merged repo", dtype)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestMergeRPMDedupePriority(t *testing.T) {
+	members := []RPMMember{
+		{RemoteName: "first", Timestamp: 100, Data: map[string][]byte{
+			"primary":   primaryXML(primaryPkgXML("foo", "1.0", "aaa", "Packages/foo-1.0.rpm")),
+			"filelists": filelistsXML("aaa"),
+		}},
+		{RemoteName: "second", Timestamp: 200, Data: map[string][]byte{
+			"primary": primaryXML(
+				primaryPkgXML("foo", "1.0", "bbb", "Packages/foo-1.0-rebuilt.rpm"),
+				primaryPkgXML("bar", "2.0", "ccc", "Packages/bar-2.0.rpm"),
+			),
+			"filelists": filelistsXML("bbb", "ccc"),
+		}},
+	}
+	repo, err := MergeRPM(members)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	primary := string(mergedFile(t, repo, "primary"))
+	if strings.Count(primary, "<name>foo</name>") != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("duplicate NEVRA not deduped:\n%s", primary)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(primary, `href="first/Packages/foo-1.0.rpm"`) || strings.Contains(primary, "foo-1.0-rebuilt") {
+		t.Fatalf("first member should win duplicate NEVRA:\n%s", primary)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(primary, `href="second/Packages/bar-2.0.rpm"`) {
+		t.Fatalf("unique package from second member missing:\n%s", primary)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(primary, `packages="2"`) {
+		t.Fatalf("package count wrong:\n%s", primary)
+	}
+
+	filelists := string(mergedFile(t, repo, "filelists"))
+	if !strings.Contains(filelists, "/usr/bin/aaa") || !strings.Contains(filelists, "/usr/bin/ccc") || strings.Contains(filelists, "/usr/bin/bbb") {
+		t.Fatalf("filelists must follow the winning primary entries:\n%s", filelists)
+	}
+
+	other := string(mergedFile(t, repo, "other"))
+	if !strings.Contains(other, `packages="0"`) {
+		t.Fatalf("members without other data should yield an empty other.xml:\n%s", other)
+	}
+
+	if !strings.Contains(string(repo.Repomd), "<revision>200</revision>") {
+		t.Fatalf("revision should be the newest member timestamp:\n%s", repo.Repomd)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMergeRPMOutputIsWellFormed(t *testing.T) {
+	repo, err := MergeRPM([]RPMMember{{RemoteName: "a", Data: map[string][]byte{
+		"primary": primaryXML(primaryPkgXML("foo", "1.0", "aaa", "Packages/foo.rpm")),
+	}}})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	var doc struct {
+		XMLName  xml.Name
+		Packages []struct {
+			Name     string `xml:"name"`
+			Provides []struct {
+				Name string `xml:"name,attr"`
+			} `xml:"format>provides>entry"`
+		} `xml:"package"`
+	}
+	if err := xml.Unmarshal(mergedFile(t, repo, "primary"), &doc); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if doc.XMLName.Space != "http://linux.duke.edu/metadata/common" || len(doc.Packages) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected merged primary: %+v", doc)
+	}
+	if len(doc.Packages[0].Provides) != 1 || doc.Packages[0].Provides[0].Name != "foo" {
+		t.Fatalf("rpm: namespaced format lost: %+v", doc.Packages[0])
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMergeRPMHrefRewriting(t *testing.T) {
+	based := func(name, base string) string {
+		return `<package type="rpm"><name>` + name + `</name><arch>noarch</arch><version epoch="0" ver="1" rel="1"/>` +
+			`<checksum type="sha256" pkgid="YES">` + name + `</checksum><location xml:base="` + base + `" href="Packages/` + name + `.rpm"/></package>`
+	}
+	repo, err := MergeRPM([]RPMMember{{RemoteName: "gh", Bases: []string{"https://up.example/el9", "https://mirror.example/el9/"}, Data: map[string][]byte{
+		"primary": primaryXML(
+			primaryPkgXML("foo", "1.0", "aaa", "storytold/photocraft/releases/download/v1.0/foo&amp;bar.rpm"),
+			primaryPkgXML("lead", "1.0", "bbb", "/Packages/lead.rpm"),
+			based("root", "https://up.example/el9/"),
+			based("sub", "https://mirror.example/el9/extra"),
+			based("ext", "https://other.example/"),
+		),
+	}}})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	primary := string(mergedFile(t, repo, "primary"))
+	for _, want := range []string{
+		`<location href="gh/storytold/photocraft/releases/download/v1.0/foo&amp;bar.rpm"/>`,
+		`<location href="gh/Packages/lead.rpm"/>`,
+		`<location href="gh/Packages/root.rpm"/>`,
+		`<location href="gh/extra/Packages/sub.rpm"/>`,
+		`<location xml:base="https://other.example/" href="Packages/ext.rpm"/>`,
+	} {
+		if !strings.Contains(primary, want) {
+			t.Errorf("missing %s in:\n%s", want, primary)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMergeRPMChecksums(t *testing.T) {
+	repo, err := MergeRPM([]RPMMember{{RemoteName: "a", Timestamp: 42, Data: map[string][]byte{
+		"primary": primaryXML(primaryPkgXML("foo", "1.0", "aaa", "Packages/foo.rpm")),
+	}}})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	var md struct {
+		Data []struct {
+			Type         string `xml:"type,attr"`
+			Checksum     string `xml:"checksum"`
+			OpenChecksum string `xml:"open-checksum"`
+			Location     struct {
+				Href string `xml:"href,attr"`
+			} `xml:"location"`
+			Timestamp int64 `xml:"timestamp"`
+			Size      int   `xml:"size"`
+			OpenSize  int   `xml:"open-size"`
+		} `xml:"data"`
+	}
+	if err := xml.Unmarshal(repo.Repomd, &md); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if len(md.Data) != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("want primary/filelists/other, got %d entries", len(md.Data))
+	}
+	for _, d := range md.Data {
+		body, ok := repo.Files[d.Location.Href]
+		if !ok {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: location %q not served", d.Type, d.Location.Href)
+		}
+		sum := sha256.Sum256(body)
+		if hex.EncodeToString(sum[:]) != d.Checksum || len(body) != d.Size {
+			t.Errorf("%s: checksum/size do not match served bytes", d.Type)
+		}
+		open := gunzip(t, body)
+		osum := sha256.Sum256(open)
+		if hex.EncodeToString(osum[:]) != d.OpenChecksum || len(open) != d.OpenSize {
+			t.Errorf("%s: open-checksum/open-size do not match decompressed bytes", d.Type)
+		}
+		if d.Timestamp != 42 {
+			t.Errorf("%s: timestamp %d, want 42", d.Type, d.Timestamp)
+		}
+	}
+
+	again, _ := MergeRPM([]RPMMember{{RemoteName: "a", Timestamp: 42, Data: map[string][]byte{
+		"primary": primaryXML(primaryPkgXML("foo", "1.0", "aaa", "Packages/foo.rpm")),
+	}}})
+	if !bytes.Equal(repo.Repomd, again.Repomd) {
+		t.Error("merge must be deterministic so repomd checksums stay valid across requests")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParseRepomd(t *testing.T) {
+	locs, ts, err := parseRepomd([]byte(`<repomd xmlns="http://linux.duke.edu/metadata/repo">
+  <data type="primary"><location href="repodata/p-primary.xml.zst"/><timestamp>10</timestamp></data>
+  <data type="primary_db"><location href="repodata/p.sqlite.bz2"/><timestamp>99</timestamp></data>
+  <data type="other"><location href="repodata/o-other.xml.gz"/><timestamp>20</timestamp></data>
+</repomd>`))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if locs["primary"] != "repodata/p-primary.xml.zst" || locs["other"] != "repodata/o-other.xml.gz" || len(locs) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected locations: %v", locs)
+	}
+	if ts != 20 {
+		t.Fatalf("timestamp %d, want 20 (sqlite entries ignored)", ts)
+	}
+	if _, _, err := parseRepomd([]byte(`<repomd><data type="other"><location href="x"/></data></repomd>`)); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("repomd without primary should error")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDecompress(t *testing.T) {
+	plain := []byte("<metadata/>")
+
+	var xzBuf bytes.Buffer
+	xw, _ := xz.NewWriter(&xzBuf)
+	_, _ = xw.Write(plain)
+	_ = xw.Close()
+
+	zw, _ := zstd.NewWriter(nil)
+	zst := zw.EncodeAll(plain, nil)
+
+	for href, body := range map[string][]byte{
+		"p.xml":     plain,
+		"p.xml.gz":  gzipDeterministic(plain),
+		"p.xml.xz":  xzBuf.Bytes(),
+		"p.xml.zst": zst,
+	} {
+		got, err := decompress(href, body)
+		if err != nil || !bytes.Equal(got, plain) {
+			t.Errorf("%s: got %q, %v", href, got, err)
+		}
+	}
+}
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ const (
 	PackagePuppet       PackageType = "puppet"
 	PackageTerraform    PackageType = "terraform"
 	PackageGoProxy      PackageType = "goproxy"
+	PackageCargo        PackageType = "cargo"
 	PackageGitHubRPM    PackageType = "github_rpm"
 	PackageGitHubDeb    PackageType = "github_deb"
 	PackageGitHubAlpine PackageType = "github_alpine"
@@ -33,6 +34,7 @@ var validPackageTypes = map[PackageType]bool{
 	PackagePuppet:       true,
 	PackageTerraform:    true,
 	PackageGoProxy:      true,
+	PackageCargo:        true,
 	PackageGitHubRPM:    true,
 	PackageGitHubDeb:    true,
 	PackageGitHubAlpine: true,
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ func TestPackageTypeValid(t *testing.T) {
 		models.PackagePuppet,
 		models.PackageTerraform,
 		models.PackageGoProxy,
+		models.PackageCargo,
 		models.PackageGitHubRPM,
 		models.PackageGitHubDeb,
 		models.PackageGitHubAlpine,
@@ -228,6 +228,21 @@ go mod download`,
        },
      ];

+    case 'cargo':
+      return [
+        {
+          title: 'Point crates.io at this sparse registry',
+          language: 'toml',
+          code: `# ~/.cargo/config.toml
+[source.crates-io]
+replace-with = "${name}"
+
+[registries.${name}]
+index = "sparse+${proxy}/"`,
+          note: 'config.json is served by artifactapi so crate downloads also go through this remote.',
+        },
+      ];
+
    case 'puppet':
      return [
        {
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ const typeColors: Record<string, 'blue' | 'green' | 'yellow' | 'red' | 'default'
  puppet: 'yellow',
  terraform: 'blue',
  goproxy: 'green',
+  cargo: 'yellow',
 };

 export function Locals() {
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ const typeColors: Record<string, 'blue' | 'green' | 'yellow' | 'red' | 'default'
  puppet: 'yellow',
  terraform: 'blue',
  goproxy: 'green',
+  cargo: 'yellow',
 };

 export function Remotes() {