Bump version to 12.0

Fix bump_version by removing Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Keyframes

CONTRIBUTORS.md

@@ -240,6 +240,7 @@
  - [Florin-Popescu](https://github.com/Florin-Popescu)
  - [m0g3r](https://github.com/m0g3r)
  - [martin-77](https://github.com/martin-77)
+ - [Oggeb1](https://github.com/Oggeb1)
 
 # Emby Contributors
 

Directory.Packages.props

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
     <PackageVersion Include="AutoFixture.Xunit3" Version="4.19.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="AutoFixture" Version="4.18.1" />
     <PackageVersion Include="BDInfo" Version="0.8.0" />
-    <PackageVersion Include="BitFaster.Caching" Version="2.6.0" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="BitFaster.Caching" Version="2.6.1" />
     <PackageVersion Include="BlurHashSharp.SkiaSharp" Version="1.4.0-pre.1" />
     <PackageVersion Include="BlurHashSharp" Version="1.4.0-pre.1" />
     <PackageVersion Include="CommandLineParser" Version="2.9.1" />

Emby.Naming/ExternalFiles/ExternalPathParser.cs

@@ -44,7 +44,14 @@ namespace Emby.Naming.ExternalFiles
             }
 
             var extension = Path.GetExtension(path.AsSpan());
-            if (!(_type == DlnaProfileType.Subtitle && _namingOptions.SubtitleFileExtensions.Contains(extension, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+
+            // .idx carries VobSub per-track language metadata. Recognize it here rather
+            // than adding it to NamingOptions.SubtitleFileExtensions, which also gates
+            // subtitle uploads/saves.
+            var isVobSubIndex = _type == DlnaProfileType.Subtitle && extension.Equals(".idx", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+
+            if (!isVobSubIndex
+                && !(_type == DlnaProfileType.Subtitle && _namingOptions.SubtitleFileExtensions.Contains(extension, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
                 && !(_type == DlnaProfileType.Audio && _namingOptions.AudioFileExtensions.Contains(extension, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
                 && !(_type == DlnaProfileType.Lyric && _namingOptions.LyricFileExtensions.Contains(extension, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)))
             {

Emby.Naming/TV/EpisodePathParser.cs

@@ -158,7 +158,9 @@ namespace Emby.Naming.TV
                         if (nextIndex >= name.Length
                             || !"0123456789iIpP".Contains(name[nextIndex], StringComparison.Ordinal))
                         {
-                            if (int.TryParse(endingNumberGroup.ValueSpan, NumberStyles.Integer, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out num))
+                            // A range cannot end before it starts, so a lower number belongs to the episode title rather than to a range.
+                            if (int.TryParse(endingNumberGroup.ValueSpan, NumberStyles.Integer, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out num)
+                                && num >= result.EpisodeNumber)
                             {
                                 result.EndingEpisodeNumber = num;
                             }
@@ -226,7 +228,7 @@ namespace Emby.Naming.TV
                     info.SeriesName = result.SeriesName;
                 }
 
-                if (!info.EndingEpisodeNumber.HasValue && info.EpisodeNumber.HasValue)
+                if (!info.EndingEpisodeNumber.HasValue && result.EndingEpisodeNumber >= info.EpisodeNumber)
                 {
                     info.EndingEpisodeNumber = result.EndingEpisodeNumber;
                 }

Emby.Server.Implementations/Dto/DtoService.cs

@@ -185,6 +185,13 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Dto
                 allCollectionFolders = _libraryManager.GetUserRootFolder().Children.OfType<Folder>().ToList();
             }
 
+            // Batch-fetch by-name item counts to avoid N+1 queries
+            Dictionary<Guid, ItemCounts>? itemCountsBatch = null;
+            if (options.ContainsField(ItemFields.ItemCounts))
+            {
+                itemCountsBatch = GetItemCountsBatch(accessibleItems, user);
+            }
+
             // Batch-fetch child counts for all folders to avoid N+1 queries
             Dictionary<Guid, int>? childCountBatch = null;
             if (options.ContainsField(ItemFields.ChildCount))
@@ -293,7 +300,7 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Dto
 
                 if (options.ContainsField(ItemFields.ItemCounts))
                 {
-                    SetItemByNameInfo(dto, user);
+                    SetItemByNameInfo(dto, user, itemCountsBatch);
                 }
 
                 returnItems[index] = dto;
@@ -518,14 +525,36 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Dto
             return dto;
         }
 
-        private void SetItemByNameInfo(BaseItemDto dto, User? user)
+        private Dictionary<Guid, ItemCounts> GetItemCountsBatch(IReadOnlyList<BaseItem> items, User? user)
+        {
+            var result = new Dictionary<Guid, ItemCounts>();
+
+            foreach (var group in items.GroupBy(item => item.GetBaseItemKind()))
+            {
+                if (!_relatedItemKinds.TryGetValue(group.Key, out var relatedItemKinds))
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                var ids = group.Select(item => item.Id).ToArray();
+                foreach (var (id, counts) in _libraryManager.GetItemCountsForNameItems(group.Key, ids, relatedItemKinds, user))
+                {
+                    result[id] = counts;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        private void SetItemByNameInfo(BaseItemDto dto, User? user, IReadOnlyDictionary<Guid, ItemCounts>? prefetchedCounts = null)
         {
             if (!_relatedItemKinds.TryGetValue(dto.Type, out var relatedItemKinds))
             {
                 return;
             }
 
-            var counts = _libraryManager.GetItemCountsForNameItem(dto.Type, dto.Id, relatedItemKinds, user);
+            var counts = prefetchedCounts?.GetValueOrDefault(dto.Id)
+                ?? _libraryManager.GetItemCountsForNameItem(dto.Type, dto.Id, relatedItemKinds, user);
 
             dto.AlbumCount = counts.AlbumCount;
             dto.ArtistCount = counts.ArtistCount;

Emby.Server.Implementations/EntryPoints/LibraryChangedNotifier.cs

@@ -27,6 +27,11 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.EntryPoints;
 /// </summary>
 public sealed class LibraryChangedNotifier : IHostedService, IDisposable
 {
+    // A batch holds a live reference to every item it names, so it has to stay small enough that a
+    // library scan - which changes items faster than any batch window closes - cannot grow it without
+    // bound. Reached only by a scan; interactive use closes a batch on the window long before this.
+    internal const int MaxBatchSize = 2000;
+
     private readonly ILibraryManager _libraryManager;
     private readonly IServerConfigurationManager _configurationManager;
     private readonly IProviderManager _providerManager;
@@ -35,11 +40,11 @@ public sealed class LibraryChangedNotifier : IHostedService, IDisposable
     private readonly ILogger<LibraryChangedNotifier> _logger;
 
     private readonly Lock _libraryChangedSyncLock = new();
-    private readonly List<Folder> _foldersAddedTo = new();
-    private readonly List<Folder> _foldersRemovedFrom = new();
-    private readonly List<BaseItem> _itemsAdded = new();
-    private readonly List<BaseItem> _itemsRemoved = new();
-    private readonly List<BaseItem> _itemsUpdated = new();
+    private readonly Dictionary<Guid, Folder> _foldersAddedTo = [];
+    private readonly Dictionary<Guid, Folder> _foldersRemovedFrom = [];
+    private readonly Dictionary<Guid, BaseItem> _itemsAdded = [];
+    private readonly Dictionary<Guid, BaseItem> _itemsRemoved = [];
+    private readonly Dictionary<Guid, BaseItem> _itemsUpdated = [];
     private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<Guid, DateTime> _lastProgressMessageTimes = new();
 
     private Timer? _libraryUpdateTimer;
@@ -173,7 +178,7 @@ public sealed class LibraryChangedNotifier : IHostedService, IDisposable
     private void OnLibraryItemRemoved(object? sender, ItemChangeEventArgs e)
         => OnLibraryChange(e.Item, e.Parent, _itemsRemoved, _foldersRemovedFrom);
 
-    private void OnLibraryChange(BaseItem item, BaseItem parent, List<BaseItem> itemsList, List<Folder>? foldersList)
+    private void OnLibraryChange(BaseItem item, BaseItem parent, Dictionary<Guid, BaseItem> itemsList, Dictionary<Guid, Folder>? foldersList)
     {
         if (!FilterItem(item))
         {
@@ -182,23 +187,28 @@ public sealed class LibraryChangedNotifier : IHostedService, IDisposable
 
         lock (_libraryChangedSyncLock)
         {
-            var updateDuration = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(_configurationManager.Configuration.LibraryUpdateDuration);
-
+            // The window runs from the first change of a batch and is never extended. Extending it on
+            // every change would keep a library scan's batch open for the whole scan, and the batch
+            // holds the items it names alive, so it would grow to the size of the library.
             if (_libraryUpdateTimer is null)
             {
+                var updateDuration = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(_configurationManager.Configuration.LibraryUpdateDuration);
                 _libraryUpdateTimer = new Timer(LibraryUpdateTimerCallback, null, updateDuration, Timeout.InfiniteTimeSpan);
             }
-            else
-            {
-                _libraryUpdateTimer.Change(updateDuration, Timeout.InfiniteTimeSpan);
-            }
 
             if (foldersList is not null && parent is Folder folder)
             {
-                foldersList.Add(folder);
+                foldersList[folder.Id] = folder;
             }
 
-            itemsList.Add(item);
+            itemsList[item.Id] = item;
+
+            // A window long enough to cover a burst still has to give way once the batch is large
+            // enough to be worth sending on its own.
+            if (_itemsAdded.Count + _itemsRemoved.Count + _itemsUpdated.Count >= MaxBatchSize)
+            {
+                _libraryUpdateTimer.Change(TimeSpan.Zero, Timeout.InfiniteTimeSpan);
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -211,22 +221,16 @@ public sealed class LibraryChangedNotifier : IHostedService, IDisposable
         List<BaseItem> itemsRemoved;
         lock (_libraryChangedSyncLock)
         {
-            // Remove dupes in case some were saved multiple times
-            foldersAddedTo = _foldersAddedTo
-                .DistinctBy(x => x.Id)
-                .ToList();
-
-            foldersRemovedFrom = _foldersRemovedFrom
-                .DistinctBy(x => x.Id)
-                .ToList();
+            foldersAddedTo = _foldersAddedTo.Values.ToList();
+            foldersRemovedFrom = _foldersRemovedFrom.Values.ToList();
 
             itemsUpdated = _itemsUpdated
-                .Where(i => !_itemsAdded.Contains(i))
-                .DistinctBy(x => x.Id)
+                .Where(e => !_itemsAdded.ContainsKey(e.Key))
+                .Select(e => e.Value)
                 .ToList();
 
-            itemsAdded = _itemsAdded.ToList();
-            itemsRemoved = _itemsRemoved.ToList();
+            itemsAdded = _itemsAdded.Values.ToList();
+            itemsRemoved = _itemsRemoved.Values.ToList();
 
             if (_libraryUpdateTimer is not null)
             {
@@ -241,6 +245,15 @@ public sealed class LibraryChangedNotifier : IHostedService, IDisposable
             _foldersRemovedFrom.Clear();
         }
 
+        if (itemsAdded.Count == 0
+            && itemsUpdated.Count == 0
+            && itemsRemoved.Count == 0
+            && foldersAddedTo.Count == 0
+            && foldersRemovedFrom.Count == 0)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
         await SendChangeNotifications(itemsAdded, itemsUpdated, itemsRemoved, foldersAddedTo, foldersRemovedFrom, CancellationToken.None).ConfigureAwait(false);
     }
 

Emby.Server.Implementations/EntryPoints/UserDataChangeNotifier.cs

@@ -18,15 +18,17 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.EntryPoints
     public sealed class UserDataChangeNotifier : IHostedService, IDisposable
     {
         private const int UpdateDuration = 500;
+        internal const int MaxBatchSize = 2000;
 
         private readonly ISessionManager _sessionManager;
         private readonly IUserDataManager _userDataManager;
         private readonly IUserManager _userManager;
 
-        private readonly Dictionary<Guid, List<BaseItem>> _changedItems = new();
+        private readonly Dictionary<Guid, Dictionary<Guid, BaseItem>> _changedItems = [];
         private readonly Lock _syncLock = new();
 
         private Timer? _updateTimer;
+        private int _changedItemCount;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="UserDataChangeNotifier"/> class.
@@ -69,50 +71,64 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.EntryPoints
 
             lock (_syncLock)
             {
-                if (_updateTimer is null)
-                {
-                    _updateTimer = new Timer(
-                        UpdateTimerCallback,
-                        null,
-                        UpdateDuration,
-                        Timeout.Infinite);
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    _updateTimer.Change(UpdateDuration, Timeout.Infinite);
-                }
+                // The window runs from the first change of a batch and is never extended, so a stream
+                // of changes that never pauses - a library scan - still closes its batches instead of
+                // holding every item it touched alive until the stream stops.
+                _updateTimer ??= new Timer(
+                    UpdateTimerCallback,
+                    null,
+                    UpdateDuration,
+                    Timeout.Infinite);
 
-                if (!_changedItems.TryGetValue(e.UserId, out List<BaseItem>? keys))
+                if (!_changedItems.TryGetValue(e.UserId, out Dictionary<Guid, BaseItem>? keys))
                 {
-                    keys = new List<BaseItem>();
+                    keys = [];
                     _changedItems[e.UserId] = keys;
                 }
 
-                keys.Add(e.Item);
-
                 var baseItem = e.Item;
 
                 // Go up one level for indicators
                 if (baseItem is not null)
                 {
+                    Track(keys, baseItem);
+
                     var parent = baseItem.GetOwner() ?? baseItem.GetParent();
 
                     if (parent is not null)
                     {
-                        keys.Add(parent);
+                        Track(keys, parent);
                     }
                 }
+
+                // A window long enough to cover a burst still has to give way once the batch is
+                // large enough to be worth sending on its own.
+                if (_changedItemCount >= MaxBatchSize)
+                {
+                    _updateTimer.Change(0, Timeout.Infinite);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void Track(Dictionary<Guid, BaseItem> keys, BaseItem item)
+        {
+            var before = keys.Count;
+            keys[item.Id] = item;
+
+            if (keys.Count != before)
+            {
+                _changedItemCount++;
             }
         }
 
         private async void UpdateTimerCallback(object? state)
         {
-            List<KeyValuePair<Guid, List<BaseItem>>> changes;
+            List<KeyValuePair<Guid, Dictionary<Guid, BaseItem>>> changes;
             lock (_syncLock)
             {
-                // Remove dupes in case some were saved multiple times
                 changes = _changedItems.ToList();
                 _changedItems.Clear();
+                _changedItemCount = 0;
 
                 if (_updateTimer is not null)
                 {
@@ -121,17 +137,22 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.EntryPoints
                 }
             }
 
+            if (changes.Count == 0)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
             foreach (var (userId, changedItems) in changes)
             {
                 await _sessionManager.SendMessageToUserSessions(
                     [userId],
                     SessionMessageType.UserDataChanged,
-                    () => GetUserDataChangeInfo(userId, changedItems),
+                    () => GetUserDataChangeInfo(userId, changedItems.Values),
                     default).ConfigureAwait(false);
             }
         }
 
-        private UserDataChangeInfo GetUserDataChangeInfo(Guid userId, List<BaseItem> changedItems)
+        private UserDataChangeInfo GetUserDataChangeInfo(Guid userId, IEnumerable<BaseItem> changedItems)
         {
             var user = _userManager.GetUserById(userId)
                 ?? throw new ArgumentException("Invalid user ID", nameof(userId));
@@ -140,7 +161,6 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.EntryPoints
             {
                 UserId = userId,
                 UserDataList = changedItems
-                    .DistinctBy(x => x.Id)
                     .Select(i =>
                     {
                         var dto = _userDataManager.GetUserDataDto(i, user);

Emby.Server.Implementations/IO/LibraryMonitor.cs

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ using Emby.Server.Implementations.Library;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.Configuration;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.Entities;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.Library;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.Providers;
 using MediaBrowser.Model.IO;
 using Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting;
 using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.IO
         private readonly ILibraryManager _libraryManager;
         private readonly IServerConfigurationManager _configurationManager;
         private readonly IFileSystem _fileSystem;
+        private readonly IDirectoryService _directoryService;
         private readonly DotIgnoreIgnoreRule _dotIgnoreIgnoreRule;
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -47,6 +49,7 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.IO
         /// <param name="libraryManager">The library manager.</param>
         /// <param name="configurationManager">The configuration manager.</param>
         /// <param name="fileSystem">The filesystem.</param>
+        /// <param name="directoryService">The directory service.</param>
         /// <param name="appLifetime">The <see cref="IHostApplicationLifetime"/>.</param>
         /// <param name="dotIgnoreIgnoreRule">The .ignore rule handler.</param>
         public LibraryMonitor(
@@ -54,6 +57,7 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.IO
             ILibraryManager libraryManager,
             IServerConfigurationManager configurationManager,
             IFileSystem fileSystem,
+            IDirectoryService directoryService,
             IHostApplicationLifetime appLifetime,
             DotIgnoreIgnoreRule dotIgnoreIgnoreRule)
         {
@@ -61,6 +65,7 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.IO
             _logger = logger;
             _configurationManager = configurationManager;
             _fileSystem = fileSystem;
+            _directoryService = directoryService;
             _dotIgnoreIgnoreRule = dotIgnoreIgnoreRule;
 
             appLifetime.ApplicationStarted.Register(Start);
@@ -363,6 +368,8 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.IO
                 return;
             }
 
+            _directoryService.Invalidate(path);
+
             // Ignore certain files, If the parent of an ignored path has a change event, ignore that too
             foreach (var i in _tempIgnoredPaths.Keys)
             {

Emby.Server.Implementations/Library/LibraryManager.cs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
 using System.Globalization;
 using System.IO;
 using System.Linq;
@@ -15,7 +16,6 @@ using Emby.Naming.Common;
 using Emby.Naming.TV;
 using Emby.Naming.Video;
 using Emby.Server.Implementations.Library.Resolvers;
-using Emby.Server.Implementations.Library.Validators;
 using Emby.Server.Implementations.Playlists;
 using Emby.Server.Implementations.ScheduledTasks.Tasks;
 using Emby.Server.Implementations.Sorting;
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ using MediaBrowser.Controller.Entities.Movies;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.IO;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.Library;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.LiveTv;
-using MediaBrowser.Controller.MediaEncoding;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.Persistence;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.Playlists;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.Providers;
@@ -75,7 +74,6 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library
         private readonly Lazy<IProviderManager> _providerManagerFactory;
         private readonly Lazy<IUserViewManager> _userViewManagerFactory;
         private readonly IServerApplicationHost _appHost;
-        private readonly IMediaEncoder _mediaEncoder;
         private readonly IFileSystem _fileSystem;
         private readonly IItemRepository _itemRepository;
         private readonly IItemPersistenceService _persistenceService;
@@ -88,6 +86,7 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library
         private readonly ExtraResolver _extraResolver;
         private readonly IPathManager _pathManager;
         private readonly ILocalizationManager _localization;
+        private readonly IDirectoryService _directoryService;
         private readonly FastConcurrentLru<Guid, BaseItem> _cache;
         private readonly DotIgnoreIgnoreRule _dotIgnoreIgnoreRule;
         private readonly IMediaStreamRepository _mediaStreamRepository;
@@ -122,7 +121,6 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library
         /// <param name="fileSystem">The file system.</param>
         /// <param name="providerManagerFactory">The provider manager.</param>
         /// <param name="userViewManagerFactory">The user view manager.</param>
-        /// <param name="mediaEncoder">The media encoder.</param>
         /// <param name="itemRepository">The item repository.</param>
         /// <param name="persistenceService">The item persistence service.</param>
         /// <param name="nextUpService">The next up service.</param>
@@ -148,7 +146,6 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library
             IFileSystem fileSystem,
             Lazy<IProviderManager> providerManagerFactory,
             Lazy<IUserViewManager> userViewManagerFactory,
-            IMediaEncoder mediaEncoder,
             IItemRepository itemRepository,
             IItemPersistenceService persistenceService,
             INextUpService nextUpService,
@@ -174,7 +171,6 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library
             _fileSystem = fileSystem;
             _providerManagerFactory = providerManagerFactory;
             _userViewManagerFactory = userViewManagerFactory;
-            _mediaEncoder = mediaEncoder;
             _itemRepository = itemRepository;
             _persistenceService = persistenceService;
             _nextUpService = nextUpService;
@@ -189,6 +185,7 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library
             _pathManager = pathManager;
             _dotIgnoreIgnoreRule = dotIgnoreIgnoreRule;
             _localization = localization;
+            _directoryService = directoryService;
             _extraResolver = new ExtraResolver(loggerFactory.CreateLogger<ExtraResolver>(), namingOptions, directoryService);
 
             _configurationManager.ConfigurationUpdated += ConfigurationUpdated;
@@ -1209,6 +1206,12 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library
                 .FirstOrDefault();
         }
 
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public Guid GetPersonId(string name)
+        {
+            return GetItemByNameId<Person>(Person.GetPath(name));
+        }
+
         /// <inheritdoc />
         public Person? GetPerson(string name)
         {
@@ -1222,6 +1225,33 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library
             return null;
         }
 
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public Person GetOrCreatePerson(string name)
+        {
+            var existing = GetPerson(name);
+            if (existing is not null)
+            {
+                return existing;
+            }
+
+            var path = Person.GetPath(name);
+            var info = Directory.CreateDirectory(path);
+            var item = new Person
+            {
+                Name = name,
+                Id = GetItemByNameId<Person>(path),
+                DateCreated = info.CreationTimeUtc,
+                DateModified = info.LastWriteTimeUtc,
+                Path = path
+            };
+
+            item.PresentationUniqueKey = item.CreatePresentationUniqueKey();
+
+            CreateItem(item, null);
+
+            return item;
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets the studio.
         /// </summary>
@@ -1354,15 +1384,6 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library
             return GetNewItemIdInternal(path, typeof(T), forceCaseInsensitiveId);
         }
 
-        /// <inheritdoc />
-        public Task ValidatePeopleAsync(IProgress<double> progress, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
-        {
-            // Ensure the location is available.
-            Directory.CreateDirectory(_configurationManager.ApplicationPaths.PeoplePath);
-
-            return new PeopleValidator(this, _logger, _fileSystem).ValidatePeople(cancellationToken, progress);
-        }
-
         /// <summary>
         /// Reloads the root media folder.
         /// </summary>
@@ -1489,6 +1510,10 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library
             var numComplete = 0;
             var numTasks = tasks.Count;
 
+            _logger.LogInformation("Running {TaskCount} post-scan task(s)", numTasks);
+
+            var phaseStart = Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+
             foreach (var task in tasks)
             {
                 // Prevent access to modified closure
@@ -1506,20 +1531,45 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library
                     progress.Report(innerPercent);
                 });
 
-                _logger.LogDebug("Running post-scan task {0}", task.GetType().Name);
+                var taskName = task.GetType().Name;
+                var taskStart = Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+
+                _logger.LogInformation(
+                    "Running post-scan task {TaskNumber}/{TaskCount}: {TaskName}",
+                    currentNumComplete + 1,
+                    numTasks,
+                    taskName);
 
                 try
                 {
                     await task.Run(innerProgress, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+                    var elapsed = Stopwatch.GetElapsedTime(taskStart);
+                    _logger.LogInformation(
+                        "Post-scan task {TaskName} completed after {Minutes} minute(s) and {Seconds} seconds",
+                        taskName,
+                        Math.Truncate(elapsed.TotalMinutes),
+                        elapsed.Seconds);
                 }
                 catch (OperationCanceledException)
                 {
-                    _logger.LogInformation("Post-scan task cancelled: {0}", task.GetType().Name);
+                    var elapsed = Stopwatch.GetElapsedTime(taskStart);
+                    _logger.LogInformation(
+                        "Post-scan task {TaskName} cancelled after {Minutes} minute(s) and {Seconds} seconds",
+                        taskName,
+                        Math.Truncate(elapsed.TotalMinutes),
+                        elapsed.Seconds);
                     throw;
                 }
                 catch (Exception ex)
                 {
-                    _logger.LogError(ex, "Error running post-scan task");
+                    var elapsed = Stopwatch.GetElapsedTime(taskStart);
+                    _logger.LogError(
+                        ex,
+                        "Post-scan task {TaskName} failed after {Minutes} minute(s) and {Seconds} seconds",
+                        taskName,
+                        Math.Truncate(elapsed.TotalMinutes),
+                        elapsed.Seconds);
                 }
 
                 numComplete++;
@@ -1528,6 +1578,12 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library
                 progress.Report(percent * 100);
             }
 
+            var phaseElapsed = Stopwatch.GetElapsedTime(phaseStart);
+            _logger.LogInformation(
+                "All post-scan tasks completed after {Minutes} minute(s) and {Seconds} seconds",
+                Math.Truncate(phaseElapsed.TotalMinutes),
+                phaseElapsed.Seconds);
+
             _persistenceService.UpdateInheritedValues();
 
             progress.Report(100);
@@ -1745,6 +1801,18 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library
             return _countService.GetItemCountsForNameItem(kind, id, relatedItemKinds, query);
         }
 
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public Dictionary<Guid, ItemCounts> GetItemCountsForNameItems(BaseItemKind kind, IReadOnlyList<Guid> ids, BaseItemKind[] relatedItemKinds, User? user)
+        {
+            var query = new InternalItemsQuery(user);
+            if (user is not null)
+            {
+                AddUserToQuery(query, user);
+            }
+
+            return _countService.GetItemCountsForNameItems(kind, ids, relatedItemKinds, query);
+        }
+
         public Dictionary<Guid, int> GetChildCountBatch(IReadOnlyList<Guid> parentIds, User? user)
         {
             return _countService.GetChildCountBatch(parentIds, user);
@@ -3720,6 +3788,10 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library
                         AddMediaPathInternal(name, path, false);
                     }
                 }
+
+                // The libraries root was listed before this folder existed, so drop that listing:
+                // anything still reading it resolves the library set without the new folder.
+                _directoryService.Invalidate(virtualFolderPath);
             }
             finally
             {
@@ -3746,27 +3818,14 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library
 
                 var itemUpdateType = ItemUpdateType.MetadataDownload;
                 var saveEntity = false;
-                var createEntity = false;
                 var personEntity = GetPerson(person.Name);
 
                 if (personEntity is null)
                 {
                     try
                     {
-                        var path = Person.GetPath(person.Name);
-                        var info = Directory.CreateDirectory(path);
-                        personEntity = new Person()
-                        {
-                            Name = person.Name,
-                            Id = GetItemByNameId<Person>(path),
-                            DateCreated = info.CreationTimeUtc,
-                            DateModified = info.LastWriteTimeUtc,
-                            Path = path
-                        };
-
-                        personEntity.PresentationUniqueKey = personEntity.CreatePresentationUniqueKey();
+                        personEntity = GetOrCreatePerson(person.Name);
                         saveEntity = true;
-                        createEntity = true;
                     }
                     catch (Exception ex)
                     {
@@ -3800,11 +3859,6 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library
 
                 if (saveEntity)
                 {
-                    if (createEntity)
-                    {
-                        CreateItems([personEntity], null, CancellationToken.None);
-                    }
-
                     await RunMetadataSavers(personEntity, itemUpdateType).ConfigureAwait(false);
                     personEntity.DateLastSaved = DateTime.UtcNow;
 
@@ -3920,6 +3974,7 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library
             try
             {
                 Directory.Delete(path, true);
+                _directoryService.Invalidate(path);
             }
             finally
             {
@@ -3989,6 +4044,7 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library
             if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(shortcut))
             {
                 _fileSystem.DeleteFile(shortcut);
+                _directoryService.Invalidate(shortcut);
             }
 
             var libraryOptions = CollectionFolder.GetLibraryOptions(virtualFolderPath);
@@ -4032,6 +4088,7 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library
             }
 
             _fileSystem.CreateShortcut(lnk, _appHost.ReverseVirtualPath(path));
+            _directoryService.Invalidate(lnk);
             RemoveContentTypeOverrides(path);
         }
 

Emby.Server.Implementations/Library/SimilarItems/MovieSimilarItemsProvider.cs

@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ public sealed class MovieSimilarItemsProvider : ILocalSimilarItemsProvider<Movie
             }
 
             var candidateRows = await context.ItemValuesMap.AsNoTracking()
-                .Where(m => m.ItemValue.Type == valueType && allKeys.Contains(m.ItemValue.CleanValue))
+                .Where(m => !m.Item.PrimaryVersionId.HasValue && m.ItemValue.Type == valueType && allKeys.Contains(m.ItemValue.CleanValue))
                 .Select(m => new { m.ItemId, Key = m.ItemValue.CleanValue })
                 .ToListAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
 
@@ -276,6 +276,7 @@ public sealed class MovieSimilarItemsProvider : ILocalSimilarItemsProvider<Movie
         if (personSourceRows.Count > 0)
         {
             var personCandidateRows = await context.PeopleBaseItemMap.AsNoTracking()
+                .Where(m => !m.Item.PrimaryVersionId.HasValue)
                 .Where(m => context.PeopleBaseItemMap
                     .Where(s => sourceIds.Contains(s.ItemId) && _scoredPersonTypes.Contains(s.People.PersonType))
                     .Select(s => s.PeopleId)

Emby.Server.Implementations/Library/Validators/ArtistsValidator.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Globalization;
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Threading;
@@ -61,6 +62,9 @@ public class ArtistsValidator
         var count = names.Count;
         var refreshed = 0;
 
+        var liveIds = new HashSet<Guid>();
+        var unresolved = 0;
+
         foreach (var name in names)
         {
             try
@@ -73,13 +77,20 @@ public class ArtistsValidator
 
                 // Fall back to GetArtist if not found (creates new item if needed)
                 item ??= _libraryManager.GetArtist(name);
-                var isNew = !existingArtistIds.Contains(item.Id);
-                var neverRefreshed = item.DateLastRefreshed == default;
 
-                if (isNew || neverRefreshed)
+                // A name with no item is nothing to refresh, and nothing to keep alive either.
+                if (item is not null)
                 {
-                    await item.RefreshMetadata(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
-                    refreshed++;
+                    liveIds.Add(item.Id);
+
+                    var isNew = !existingArtistIds.Contains(item.Id);
+                    var neverRefreshed = item.DateLastRefreshed == default;
+
+                    if (isNew || neverRefreshed)
+                    {
+                        await item.RefreshMetadata(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                        refreshed++;
+                    }
                 }
             }
             catch (OperationCanceledException)
@@ -88,6 +99,7 @@ public class ArtistsValidator
             }
             catch (Exception ex)
             {
+                unresolved++;
                 _logger.LogError(ex, "Error refreshing {ArtistName}", name);
             }
 
@@ -101,13 +113,26 @@ public class ArtistsValidator
 
         _logger.LogInformation("Refreshed metadata for {RefreshedCount} new artists out of {TotalCount} total", refreshed, count);
 
+        // Every name that threw is a name whose artist is missing from the live set, and deleting against
+        // a live set with holes in it deletes artists the library still refers to. Leave the sweep to a
+        // run that got a clean read of them.
+        if (unresolved > 0)
+        {
+            _logger.LogWarning(
+                "Not removing dead artists: {Count} of {TotalCount} names could not be resolved this run",
+                unresolved,
+                count);
+
+            progress.Report(100);
+            return;
+        }
+
         var deadEntities = _libraryManager.GetItemList(new InternalItemsQuery
         {
             IncludeItemTypes = [BaseItemKind.MusicArtist],
-            IsDeadArtist = true,
             IsLocked = false
-        }).Cast<MusicArtist>()
-        .Where(item => item.IsAccessedByName)
+        }).OfType<MusicArtist>()
+        .Where(item => item.IsAccessedByName && !liveIds.Contains(item.Id))
         .ToList();
 
         foreach (var item in deadEntities)

Emby.Server.Implementations/Library/Validators/PeopleValidator.cs

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Threading;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 using Jellyfin.Data.Enums;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.Entities;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.Library;
-using MediaBrowser.Controller.Providers;
-using MediaBrowser.Model.IO;
 using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
 
 namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library.Validators;
@@ -17,112 +17,143 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library.Validators;
 public class PeopleValidator
 {
     /// <summary>
-    /// The _library manager.
+    /// The library manager.
     /// </summary>
     private readonly ILibraryManager _libraryManager;
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// The _logger.
+    /// The logger.
     /// </summary>
-    private readonly ILogger _logger;
-
-    private readonly IFileSystem _fileSystem;
+    private readonly ILogger<PeopleValidator> _logger;
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="PeopleValidator" /> class.
     /// </summary>
     /// <param name="libraryManager">The library manager.</param>
     /// <param name="logger">The logger.</param>
-    /// <param name="fileSystem">The file system.</param>
-    public PeopleValidator(ILibraryManager libraryManager, ILogger logger, IFileSystem fileSystem)
+    public PeopleValidator(ILibraryManager libraryManager, ILogger<PeopleValidator> logger)
     {
         _libraryManager = libraryManager;
         _logger = logger;
-        _fileSystem = fileSystem;
     }
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Validates the people.
     /// </summary>
-    /// <param name="cancellationToken">The cancellation token.</param>
     /// <param name="progress">The progress.</param>
+    /// <param name="cancellationToken">The cancellation token.</param>
     /// <returns>Task.</returns>
-    public async Task ValidatePeople(CancellationToken cancellationToken, IProgress<double> progress)
+    public async Task Run(IProgress<double> progress, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
     {
         // Before the refresh below walks them: a credit no item maps to any more stands for nothing,
         // and while it is there the person it names cannot reach the dead-person sweep either.
         var numOrphaned = _libraryManager.DeleteOrphanedCredits();
         if (numOrphaned > 0)
         {
-            _logger.LogDebug("Deleted {Amount} credits no item maps to", numOrphaned);
+            _logger.LogInformation("Deleted {Amount} credits no item maps to", numOrphaned);
         }
 
-        var people = _libraryManager.GetPeopleNames(new InternalPeopleQuery());
+        var names = _libraryManager.GetPeopleNames(new InternalPeopleQuery());
+        var existingPersonIds = _libraryManager.GetItemIds(new InternalItemsQuery
+        {
+            IncludeItemTypes = [BaseItemKind.Person]
+        }).ToHashSet();
+
+        var (newNames, deadIds) = PartitionCreditsByPersonId(names, _libraryManager.GetPersonId, existingPersonIds);
 
         var numComplete = 0;
+        var count = names.Count;
+        var refreshed = 0;
 
-        var numPeople = people.Count;
-
-        IProgress<double> subProgress = new Progress<double>((val) => progress.Report(val / 2));
-
-        _logger.LogDebug("Will refresh {Amount} people", numPeople);
-
-        foreach (var person in people)
+        foreach (var name in names)
         {
             cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
 
             try
             {
-                var item = _libraryManager.GetPerson(person);
-                if (item is null)
+                var item = _libraryManager.GetOrCreatePerson(name);
+                var isNew = !existingPersonIds.Contains(item.Id);
+                var neverRefreshed = item.DateLastRefreshed == default;
+
+                if (isNew || neverRefreshed)
                 {
-                    _logger.LogWarning("Failed to get person: {Name}", person);
-                    continue;
+                    await item.RefreshMetadata(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                    refreshed++;
                 }
-
-                var options = new MetadataRefreshOptions(new DirectoryService(_fileSystem))
-                {
-                    ImageRefreshMode = MetadataRefreshMode.ValidationOnly,
-                    MetadataRefreshMode = MetadataRefreshMode.ValidationOnly
-                };
-
-                await item.RefreshMetadata(options, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
             }
             catch (OperationCanceledException)
             {
+                // Don't clutter the log
                 throw;
             }
             catch (Exception ex)
             {
-                _logger.LogError(ex, "Error validating IBN entry {Person}", person);
+                _logger.LogError(ex, "Error refreshing {PersonName}", name);
             }
 
-            // Update progress
             numComplete++;
             double percent = numComplete;
-            percent /= numPeople;
+            percent /= count;
+            percent *= 100;
 
-            subProgress.Report(100 * percent);
+            progress.Report(percent);
         }
 
-        var deadEntities = _libraryManager.GetItemList(new InternalItemsQuery
-        {
-            IncludeItemTypes = [BaseItemKind.Person],
-            IsDeadPerson = true,
-            IsLocked = false
-        });
+        _logger.LogInformation(
+            "Refreshed metadata for {RefreshedCount} people out of {TotalCount} total, {NewCount} of which had no item yet",
+            refreshed,
+            count,
+            newNames.Count);
 
-        subProgress = new Progress<double>((val) => progress.Report((val / 2) + 50));
+        // A person somebody locked is theirs, not ours, however little the library still credits them.
+        var deadEntities = deadIds
+            .Select(_libraryManager.GetItemById)
+            .OfType<Person>()
+            .Where(item => !item.IsLocked)
+            .ToList();
 
-        var i = 0;
-        foreach (var item in deadEntities.Chunk(500))
+        foreach (var item in deadEntities)
         {
-            _libraryManager.DeleteItemsUnsafeFast(item, true);
-            subProgress.Report(100f / deadEntities.Count * (i++ * 100));
+            _logger.LogInformation("Deleting dead {ItemType} {ItemId} {ItemName}", item.GetType().Name, item.Id.ToString("N", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture), item.Name);
         }
 
+        _libraryManager.DeleteItemsUnsafeFast(deadEntities, deleteSourceFiles: true);
+
         progress.Report(100);
+    }
 
-        _logger.LogInformation("People validation complete, deleted {Orphaned} orphaned credits", numOrphaned);
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Splits the person items into the ones a credit still calls for and the ones nothing does.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="creditNames">Every name credited on an item, from the people table.</param>
+    /// <param name="getPersonId">Maps a credit name to the id its person item has.</param>
+    /// <param name="existingPersonIds">The ids of the person items that exist.</param>
+    /// <returns>The credits needing an item, and the ids of the items nothing credits.</returns>
+    internal static (List<string> NewNames, List<Guid> DeadIds) PartitionCreditsByPersonId(
+        IReadOnlyList<string> creditNames,
+        Func<string, Guid> getPersonId,
+        IReadOnlySet<Guid> existingPersonIds)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(creditNames);
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(getPersonId);
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(existingPersonIds);
+
+        var newNames = new List<string>();
+        var liveIds = new HashSet<Guid>();
+
+        foreach (var name in creditNames)
+        {
+            var personId = getPersonId(name);
+
+            // Distinct credit names can normalize onto one id; only the first of them needs an item.
+            if (liveIds.Add(personId) && !existingPersonIds.Contains(personId))
+            {
+                newNames.Add(name);
+            }
+        }
+
+        var deadIds = existingPersonIds.Where(id => !liveIds.Contains(id)).ToList();
+
+        return (newNames, deadIds);
     }
 }

Emby.Server.Implementations/Localization/Core/be.json

@@ -112,5 +112,11 @@
     "NameExtraInterview": "Інтэрв'ю",
     "NameExtraNumbered": "{0} {1}",
     "NameExtraScene": "Сцэна",
-    "NameExtraTrailer": "Трэйлер"
+    "NameExtraTrailer": "Трэйлер",
+    "NameExtraBehindTheScenes": "За кулісамі",
+    "NameExtraClip": "Кліп",
+    "NameExtraFeaturette": "Кароткаметражка",
+    "NameExtraSample": "Прыклад",
+    "NameExtraShort": "Кароткаметражка",
+    "NameExtraThemeSong": "Тэматычная песня"
 }

Emby.Server.Implementations/Localization/Core/bs.json

@@ -106,5 +106,17 @@
     "TaskMoveTrickplayImages": "Migracija lokacije slike Trickplay",
     "TaskMoveTrickplayImagesDescription": "Premješta postojeće datoteke trik-igara prema postavkama biblioteke.",
     "CleanupUserDataTask": "Zadatak čišćenja korisničkih podataka",
-    "CleanupUserDataTaskDescription": "Čisti sve korisničke podatke (stanje praćenja, status omiljenog itd.) sa medija koji više nije prisutan najmanje 90 dana."
+    "CleanupUserDataTaskDescription": "Čisti sve korisničke podatke (stanje praćenja, status omiljenog itd.) sa medija koji više nije prisutan najmanje 90 dana.",
+    "NameExtraBehindTheScenes": "Iza kulisa",
+    "NameExtraClip": "Isječak",
+    "NameExtraDeletedScene": "Izbrišana scena",
+    "NameExtraFeaturette": "Kratki prilog",
+    "NameExtraInterview": "Intervju",
+    "NameExtraNumbered": "{0} {1}",
+    "NameExtraSample": "Uzorak",
+    "NameExtraScene": "Scena",
+    "NameExtraShort": "Kratko",
+    "NameExtraThemeSong": "Tema",
+    "NameExtraThemeVideo": "Tematski video",
+    "NameExtraTrailer": "Najava"
 }

Emby.Server.Implementations/Localization/Core/el.json

@@ -108,5 +108,18 @@
     "CleanupUserDataTaskDescription": "Καθαρίζει όλα τα δεδομένα χρήστη (κατάσταση παρακολούθησης, κατάσταση αγαπημένων κ.λπ.) από πολυμέσα που δεν υπάρχουν πλέον για τουλάχιστον 90 ημέρες.",
     "CleanupUserDataTask": "Εργασία εκκαθάρισης δεδομένων χρήστη",
     "LyricDownloadFailureFromForItem": "Αποτυχία λήψης στίχων από {0} για {1}",
-    "Original": "Πρωτότυπο"
+    "Original": "Πρωτότυπο",
+    "NameExtraBehindTheScenes": "Πίσω από τις Σκηνές",
+    "NameExtraDeletedScene": "Διεγραμμένη Σκηνή",
+    "NameExtraFeaturette": "Πρόσθετα βίντεο",
+    "NameExtraInterview": "Συνέντευξη",
+    "NameExtraNumbered": "{0} {1}",
+    "NameExtraSample": "Δείγμα",
+    "NameExtraScene": "Σκηνή",
+    "NameExtraShort": "Βίντεο μικρού μήκους",
+    "NameExtraThemeSong": "Θεματικό Τραγούδι",
+    "NameExtraThemeVideo": "Θεματικό Βίντεο",
+    "NameExtraTrailer": "τρέιλερ ταινίας",
+    "NameExtraUnknown": "Πρόσθετα",
+    "NameExtraClip": "Απόσπασμα"
 }

Emby.Server.Implementations/Localization/Core/fi.json

@@ -113,5 +113,12 @@
     "NameExtraClip": "Klippi",
     "NameExtraDeletedScene": "Poistettu Kohtaus",
     "NameExtraFeaturette": "Lyhytelokuva",
-    "NameExtraInterview": "Haastattelu"
+    "NameExtraInterview": "Haastattelu",
+    "NameExtraNumbered": "{0} {1}",
+    "NameExtraSample": "Näyte",
+    "NameExtraScene": "Kohtaus",
+    "NameExtraShort": "Lyhytfilmi",
+    "NameExtraThemeSong": "Tunnusmusiikki",
+    "NameExtraThemeVideo": "Tunnusvideo",
+    "NameExtraTrailer": "Traileri"
 }

Emby.Server.Implementations/Localization/Core/fo.json

@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@
     "AppDeviceValues": "App: {0}, Eind: {1}",
     "Books": "Bøkur",
     "ChapterNameValue": "Kapittul {0}",
-    "Favorites": "Yndis",
-    "Folders": "Mappur",
+    "Favorites": "Yndislista",
+    "Folders": "Skjáttur",
     "Forced": "Kravt",
     "FailedLoginAttemptWithUserName": "Miseydnað innritanarroynd frá {0}",
     "HeaderFavoriteEpisodes": "Yndispartar",
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@
     "NotificationOptionCameraImageUploaded": "Ljósmynd uppsend",
     "NameExtraShort": "Stuttfilmur",
     "NameExtraThemeSong": "Eyðkennislag",
-    "NameExtraTrailer": "Forfilmur",
+    "NameExtraTrailer": "Brellbiti",
     "NameExtraInterview": "Samrøða",
     "NameExtraBehindTheScenes": "Aftanfyri leiktjøldini",
     "NameExtraClip": "Klipp",
@@ -112,14 +112,14 @@
     "NameExtraFeaturette": "Stuttur heimildarfilmur",
     "TaskAudioNormalization": "Ljóðjavnan",
     "TaskAudioNormalizationDescription": "Kannar fílur fyri dátum til ljóðjavnan.",
-    "NameExtraSample": "Kut",
+    "NameExtraSample": "Sýnislutur",
     "TaskRefreshTrickplayImages": "Framleið Trickplay-myndir",
     "TaskRefreshTrickplayImagesDescription": "Framleiðir trickplay-myndir fyri kykmyndir í søvnunm har tað er virkt.",
     "TaskMoveTrickplayImages": "Flyt Trickplay-myndagoymslustað",
     "TaskMoveTrickplayImagesDescription": "Flytur verandi trickplay-fílur sambært savnsstillingunum.",
     "NameExtraThemeVideo": "Eyðkenniskykmynd",
     "NameExtraDeletedScene": "Úrtikin mynd",
-    "NameExtraScene": "Mynd (scena)",
+    "NameExtraScene": "Mynd",
     "NameExtraUnknown": "Eykatilfar",
     "Original": "Upprunalig(t/ur)"
 }

Emby.Server.Implementations/Localization/Core/ga.json

@@ -108,5 +108,17 @@
     "CleanupUserDataTask": "Tasc glantacháin sonraí úsáideora",
     "CleanupUserDataTaskDescription": "Glanann sé gach sonraí úsáideora (stádas faire, stádas is fearr leat srl.) ó mheáin nach bhfuil i láthair a thuilleadh ar feadh 90 lá ar a laghad.",
     "Original": "Bunaidh",
-    "LyricDownloadFailureFromForItem": "Theip ar liricí a íoslódáil ó {0} do {1}"
+    "LyricDownloadFailureFromForItem": "Theip ar liricí a íoslódáil ó {0} do {1}",
+    "NameExtraBehindTheScenes": "Taobh thiar de na Radhairc",
+    "NameExtraClip": "Gearrthóg",
+    "NameExtraDeletedScene": "Radharc Scriosta",
+    "NameExtraFeaturette": "Mionghné",
+    "NameExtraInterview": "Agallamh",
+    "NameExtraNumbered": "{0} {1}",
+    "NameExtraSample": "Sampla",
+    "NameExtraScene": "Radharc",
+    "NameExtraShort": "Gearr",
+    "NameExtraThemeSong": "Amhrán Téama",
+    "NameExtraThemeVideo": "Físeán Téama",
+    "NameExtraTrailer": "Leantóir"
 }

Emby.Server.Implementations/Localization/Core/hr.json

@@ -108,5 +108,17 @@
     "CleanupUserDataTask": "Zadatak čišćenja korisničkih podataka",
     "CleanupUserDataTaskDescription": "Briše sve korisničke podatke (stanje gledanja, status favorita itd.) s medija koji više nisu prisutni najmanje 90 dana.",
     "Original": "Original",
-    "LyricDownloadFailureFromForItem": "Preuzimanje tekstova pjesmi od {0} za {1} nije uspjelo"
+    "LyricDownloadFailureFromForItem": "Preuzimanje tekstova pjesmi od {0} za {1} nije uspjelo",
+    "NameExtraBehindTheScenes": "Iza kulisa",
+    "NameExtraClip": "Klip",
+    "NameExtraDeletedScene": "Obrisana Scena",
+    "NameExtraFeaturette": "Promotivni video",
+    "NameExtraInterview": "Intervju",
+    "NameExtraNumbered": "{0} {1}",
+    "NameExtraSample": "Uzorak",
+    "NameExtraScene": "Scena",
+    "NameExtraShort": "Kratki film",
+    "NameExtraThemeSong": "Glavna Pjesma",
+    "NameExtraThemeVideo": "Tema videa",
+    "NameExtraTrailer": "Trailer"
 }

Emby.Server.Implementations/Localization/Core/lb.json

@@ -108,5 +108,17 @@
     "LyricDownloadFailureFromForItem": "Feeler beim Download vun de Songtexter vun {0} fir {1}",
     "Original": "Original",
     "CleanupUserDataTask": "Aufgab fir Berengege vu Benotzerdaten",
-    "CleanupUserDataTaskDescription": "Läscht all Benotzerdaten (Ofspillstatus, Favoritestatus, asw.) vu Medien, déi zënter mindestens 90 Deeg net méi besteeënd sinn."
+    "CleanupUserDataTaskDescription": "Läscht all Benotzerdaten (Ofspillstatus, Favoritestatus, asw.) vu Medien, déi zënter mindestens 90 Deeg net méi besteeënd sinn.",
+    "NameExtraBehindTheScenes": "Hannert de Kulissen",
+    "NameExtraClip": "Clip",
+    "NameExtraDeletedScene": "Geläschte Scène",
+    "NameExtraFeaturette": "Featurette",
+    "NameExtraInterview": "Interview",
+    "NameExtraNumbered": "{0} {1}",
+    "NameExtraSample": "Beispill",
+    "NameExtraScene": "Scène",
+    "NameExtraShort": "Kuerzfilm",
+    "NameExtraThemeSong": "Theme-Lidd",
+    "NameExtraThemeVideo": "Theme-Video",
+    "NameExtraTrailer": "Bande-Annonce"
 }

Emby.Server.Implementations/Localization/Core/lt-LT.json

@@ -100,14 +100,14 @@
     "TaskAudioNormalization": "Garso normalizavimas",
     "TaskAudioNormalizationDescription": "Skenuoja failus, ieškant garso normalizavimo duomenų.",
     "TaskExtractMediaSegments": "Medijos segmentų nuskaitymas",
-    "TaskDownloadMissingLyrics": "Parsisiųsti trūkstamus dainų tekstus",
+    "TaskDownloadMissingLyrics": "Atsisiųsti trūkstamus dainų tekstus",
     "TaskExtractMediaSegmentsDescription": "Ištraukia arba gauna medijos segmentus iš MediaSegment ijungtų įskiepių.",
     "TaskMoveTrickplayImages": "Pakeisti Trickplay atvaizdų vietą",
     "TaskMoveTrickplayImagesDescription": "Perkelia egzistuojančius Trickplay failus pagal bibliotekos nustatymus.",
-    "TaskDownloadMissingLyricsDescription": "Parsisiųsti dainų žodžius",
+    "TaskDownloadMissingLyricsDescription": "Atsisiųsti dainų tekstus",
     "CleanupUserDataTask": "Naudotojo duomenų valymo užduotis",
     "CleanupUserDataTaskDescription": "Iš medijos, kurios nebėra bent 90 dienų, išvalo visus naudotojo duomenis (žiūrėjimo būseną, mėgstamą būseną ir t. t.).",
-    "LyricDownloadFailureFromForItem": "Nepavyko atsisiųsti dainos žodžių iš {0}, skirto {1}",
+    "LyricDownloadFailureFromForItem": "Nepavyko atsisiųsti dainos teksto iš {0}, skirto {1}",
     "NameExtraBehindTheScenes": "Užkulisiuose",
     "NameExtraClip": "Klipas",
     "NameExtraDeletedScene": "Ištrinta scena",

Emby.Server.Implementations/Localization/Core/lv.json

@@ -108,5 +108,17 @@
     "CleanupUserDataTask": "Lietotāju datu tīrīšanas uzdevums",
     "CleanupUserDataTaskDescription": "Notīra visus lietotāja datus (skatīšanās stāvokļus, favorītu statusi utt.) no medijiem, kas vairs nav pieejami vismaz 90 dienas.",
     "Original": "Oriģināls",
-    "LyricDownloadFailureFromForItem": "Dziesmu vārdi nevarēja tikt lejupielādēti no {0} priekš {1}"
+    "LyricDownloadFailureFromForItem": "Dziesmu vārdi nevarēja tikt lejupielādēti no {0} priekš {1}",
+    "NameExtraBehindTheScenes": "Aiz kadra",
+    "NameExtraClip": "Klips",
+    "NameExtraDeletedScene": "Izdzēsta aina",
+    "NameExtraFeaturette": "Īsfilma",
+    "NameExtraInterview": "Intervija",
+    "NameExtraNumbered": "{0} {1}",
+    "NameExtraSample": "Paraugs",
+    "NameExtraScene": "Aina",
+    "NameExtraShort": "Īsfilma",
+    "NameExtraThemeSong": "Motīvu dziesma",
+    "NameExtraThemeVideo": "Tēmas video",
+    "NameExtraTrailer": "Treileris"
 }

Emby.Server.Implementations/Localization/Core/nb.json

@@ -106,5 +106,15 @@
     "TaskMoveTrickplayImagesDescription": "Flytter eksisterende Trickplay-filer i henhold til biblioteksinstillingene.",
     "TaskExtractMediaSegmentsDescription": "Trekker ut eller henter mediasegmenter fra plugins som støtter MediaSegment.",
     "CleanupUserDataTaskDescription": "Sletter all brukerdata (avspillings-status, favoritter osv.) fra innhold som har vært utilgjengelig i minst 90 dager.",
-    "CleanupUserDataTask": "Oppgave for opprydding av brukerdata"
+    "CleanupUserDataTask": "Oppgave for opprydding av brukerdata",
+    "NameExtraBehindTheScenes": "Bak kulissene",
+    "NameExtraDeletedScene": "Slettet scene",
+    "NameExtraFeaturette": "Presentasjonsfilm",
+    "NameExtraInterview": "Intervju",
+    "NameExtraNumbered": "{0} {1}",
+    "NameExtraSample": "Prøve",
+    "NameExtraScene": "Scene",
+    "NameExtraThemeSong": "Tema-låt",
+    "NameExtraThemeVideo": "Tema-video",
+    "NameExtraTrailer": "Trailer"
 }

Emby.Server.Implementations/Localization/Core/ro.json

@@ -111,5 +111,14 @@
     "Original": "Original",
     "NameExtraBehindTheScenes": "În culise",
     "NameExtraClip": "Clip",
-    "NameExtraDeletedScene": "Scenă ștearsă"
+    "NameExtraDeletedScene": "Scenă ștearsă",
+    "NameExtraFeaturette": "Material bonus",
+    "NameExtraInterview": "Interviu",
+    "NameExtraNumbered": "{0} {1}",
+    "NameExtraSample": "Monstră",
+    "NameExtraScene": "Scenă",
+    "NameExtraShort": "Scurt",
+    "NameExtraThemeSong": "Audio de Fundal",
+    "NameExtraThemeVideo": "Video de Fundal",
+    "NameExtraTrailer": "Trailer"
 }

Emby.Server.Implementations/Localization/Core/sk.json

@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
     "Default": "Predvolené",
     "TaskOptimizeDatabaseDescription": "Zmenší databázu a odstráni prázdne miesto. Spustenie tejto úlohy po skenovaní knižnice alebo po iných zmenách zahŕňajúcich úpravy databáze môže zlepšiť výkon.",
     "TaskOptimizeDatabase": "Optimalizovať databázu",
-    "TaskKeyframeExtractorDescription": "Extrahuje kľúčové snímky z video súborov na vytvorenie presnejších HLS zoznamov prehrávania. Táto úloha môže trvať dlhšiu dobu.",
+    "TaskKeyframeExtractorDescription": "Extrahuje kľúčové snímky z videosúborov na vytvorenie presnejších HLS zoznamov. Táto úloha môže trvať dlhší čas.",
     "TaskKeyframeExtractor": "Extraktor kľúčových snímkov",
     "External": "Externé",
     "HearingImpaired": "Sluchovo postihnutí",

Emby.Server.Implementations/Localization/Core/sl-SI.json

@@ -108,5 +108,17 @@
     "CleanupUserDataTask": "Čiščenje uporabniških podatkov",
     "CleanupUserDataTaskDescription": "Izbriše vse uporabniške podatke (stanje ogleda, priljubljene itd.) za vsebine, ki že več kot 90 dni niso na voljo.",
     "LyricDownloadFailureFromForItem": "Besedila ni bilo mogoče prenesti iz {0} za {1}",
-    "Original": "Original"
+    "Original": "Original",
+    "NameExtraBehindTheScenes": "V zakulisju",
+    "NameExtraClip": "Klip",
+    "NameExtraDeletedScene": "Izbrisan prizor",
+    "NameExtraFeaturette": "Kratek dokumentarec o izdelavi filma",
+    "NameExtraInterview": "Intervju",
+    "NameExtraNumbered": "{0} {1}",
+    "NameExtraSample": "Vzorec",
+    "NameExtraScene": "Prizor",
+    "NameExtraShort": "Kratki film",
+    "NameExtraThemeSong": "Tematska Pesem",
+    "NameExtraThemeVideo": "Tematski Video",
+    "NameExtraTrailer": "Napovednik"
 }

Emby.Server.Implementations/Localization/Core/th.json

@@ -22,20 +22,20 @@
     "NewVersionIsAvailable": "เวอร์ชันใหม่ของเซิร์ฟเวอร์ Jellyfin พร้อมให้ดาวน์โหลดแล้ว",
     "NameSeasonUnknown": "ไม่ทราบซีซัน",
     "NameSeasonNumber": "ซีซัน {0}",
-    "NameInstallFailed": "การติดตั้ง {0} ล้มเหลว",
+    "NameInstallFailed": "ติดตั้ง {0} ไม่สำเร็จ",
     "MusicVideos": "มิวสิควิดีโอ",
-    "Music": "ดนตรี",
+    "Music": "เพลง",
     "Movies": "ภาพยนตร์",
-    "MixedContent": "เนื้อหาผสม",
-    "Latest": "ล่าสุด",
-    "LabelRunningTimeValue": "ผ่านไปแล้ว: {0}",
-    "LabelIpAddressValue": "ที่อยู่ IP: {0}",
-    "Inherit": "สืบทอด",
-    "HomeVideos": "โฮมวิดีโอ",
-    "HeaderNextUp": "ถัดไป",
-    "HeaderLiveTV": "ทีวีสด",
-    "HeaderFavoriteShows": "รายการที่ชื่นชอบ",
-    "HeaderFavoriteEpisodes": "ตอนที่ชื่นชอบ",
+    "MixedContent": "เนื้อหาหลากหลายประเภท",
+    "Latest": "มาใหม่ล่าสุด",
+    "LabelRunningTimeValue": "ความยาว: {0}",
+    "LabelIpAddressValue": "หมายเลข IP: {0}",
+    "Inherit": "ใช้ค่าเริ่มต้น",
+    "HomeVideos": "วิดีโอส่วนตัว",
+    "HeaderNextUp": "รายการถัดไป",
+    "HeaderLiveTV": "ทีวีถ่ายทอดสด",
+    "HeaderFavoriteShows": "รายการที่ชอบ",
+    "HeaderFavoriteEpisodes": "ตอนที่ชอบ",
     "HeaderContinueWatching": "ดูต่อ",
     "Genres": "ประเภท",
     "Folders": "โฟลเดอร์",
@@ -107,6 +107,19 @@
     "TaskMoveTrickplayImages": "ย้ายตำแหน่งเก็บภาพตัวอย่าง Trickplay",
     "CleanupUserDataTask": "ส่วนงานล้างข้อมูลผู้ใช้",
     "CleanupUserDataTaskDescription": "ล้างข้อมูลผู้ใช้ทั้งหมด (สถานะการรับชม สถานะรายการโปรด ฯลฯ) จากสื่อที่ไม่ได้ใช้งานแล้วอย่างน้อย 90 วัน",
-    "LyricDownloadFailureFromForItem": "ไม่สามารถดาวน์โหลดเนื้อเพลงจาก {0} สำหรับ {1}",
-    "Original": "ต้นฉบับ"
+    "LyricDownloadFailureFromForItem": "ดาวน์โหลดเนื้อเพลงจาก {0} สำหรับ {1} ไม่สำเร็จ",
+    "Original": "ต้นฉบับ",
+    "NameExtraBehindTheScenes": "เบื้องหลังการถ่ายทำ",
+    "NameExtraClip": "คลิปวิดีโอ",
+    "NameExtraDeletedScene": "ฉากที่ถูกตัดออก",
+    "NameExtraFeaturette": "คลิปสั้นพิเศษ",
+    "NameExtraInterview": "บทสัมภาษณ์",
+    "NameExtraNumbered": "{0} {1}",
+    "NameExtraSample": "ตัวอย่าง",
+    "NameExtraScene": "ฉาก",
+    "NameExtraShort": "ภาพยนตร์สั้น",
+    "NameExtraThemeSong": "เพลงประกอบ",
+    "NameExtraThemeVideo": "วิดีโอธีม",
+    "NameExtraTrailer": "ตัวอย่างภาพยนตร์",
+    "NameExtraUnknown": "เนื้อหาพิเศษ"
 }

Emby.Server.Implementations/Plugins/PluginManager.cs

@@ -395,29 +395,11 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Plugins
                 var url = new Uri(packageInfo.ImageUrl);
                 imagePath = Path.Join(path, url.Segments[^1]);
 
-                var fileStream = AsyncFile.OpenWrite(imagePath);
-                Stream? downloadStream = null;
-                try
+                // The catalog is refreshed on every dashboard visit and rewrites the manifest of
+                // every installed plugin, so only fetch an image that is actually missing.
+                if (!ImageExists(imagePath))
                 {
-                    downloadStream = await HttpClientFactory
-                        .CreateClient(NamedClient.Default)
-                        .GetStreamAsync(url)
-                        .ConfigureAwait(false);
-
-                    await downloadStream.CopyToAsync(fileStream).ConfigureAwait(false);
-                }
-                catch (HttpRequestException ex)
-                {
-                    _logger.LogError(ex, "Failed to download image to path {Path} on disk.", imagePath);
-                    imagePath = string.Empty;
-                }
-                finally
-                {
-                    await fileStream.DisposeAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
-                    if (downloadStream is not null)
-                    {
-                        await downloadStream.DisposeAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
-                    }
+                    imagePath = await DownloadImage(url, imagePath).ConfigureAwait(false);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -456,6 +438,67 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Plugins
             }
         }
 
+        private static bool ImageExists(string imagePath)
+        {
+            var image = new FileInfo(imagePath);
+
+            // A previous download may have been interrupted, leaving an empty file behind.
+            return image.Exists && image.Length > 0;
+        }
+
+        private async Task<string> DownloadImage(Uri url, string imagePath)
+        {
+            // Download to a temporary file and move it into place, so that neither a failed download
+            // nor a concurrent one can be observed as a partially written image.
+            var tempPath = imagePath + "." + Path.GetRandomFileName();
+
+            try
+            {
+                var fileStream = AsyncFile.Create(tempPath);
+                Stream? downloadStream = null;
+                try
+                {
+                    downloadStream = await HttpClientFactory
+                        .CreateClient(NamedClient.Default)
+                        .GetStreamAsync(url)
+                        .ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+                    await downloadStream.CopyToAsync(fileStream).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                }
+                finally
+                {
+                    await fileStream.DisposeAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
+                    if (downloadStream is not null)
+                    {
+                        await downloadStream.DisposeAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                File.Move(tempPath, imagePath, true);
+
+                return imagePath;
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex) when (ex is HttpRequestException or IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException)
+            {
+                _logger.LogError(ex, "Failed to download image to path {Path} on disk.", imagePath);
+                TryDeleteFile(tempPath);
+
+                return string.Empty;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void TryDeleteFile(string path)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                File.Delete(path);
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex) when (ex is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException)
+            {
+                _logger.LogWarning(ex, "Unable to delete {Path}.", path);
+            }
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Reconciles the manifest against any properties that exist locally in a pre-packaged meta.json found at the path.
         /// If no file is found, no reconciliation occurs.

Emby.Server.Implementations/ScheduledTasks/Tasks/OptimizeDatabaseTask.cs

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
 namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.ScheduledTasks.Tasks;
 
 /// <summary>
-/// Optimizes Jellyfin's database by issuing a VACUUM command.
+/// Optimizes Jellyfin's database by issuing VACUUM and ANALYZE commands.
 /// </summary>
 public class OptimizeDatabaseTask : IScheduledTask, IConfigurableScheduledTask
 {
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ public class OptimizeDatabaseTask : IScheduledTask, IConfigurableScheduledTask
             return;
         }
 
-        _logger.LogInformation("Optimizing and vacuuming jellyfin.db...");
+        _logger.LogInformation("Vacuuming and analyzing jellyfin.db...");
 
         try
         {

Emby.Server.Implementations/ScheduledTasks/Tasks/PeopleValidationTask.cs

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Threading;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Emby.Server.Implementations.Library.Validators;
 using Jellyfin.Data.Enums;
 using Jellyfin.Database.Implementations;
 using Jellyfin.Database.Implementations.Entities;
@@ -29,6 +30,7 @@ public class PeopleValidationTask : IScheduledTask, IConfigurableScheduledTask
     private readonly IDbContextFactory<JellyfinDbContext> _dbContextFactory;
     private readonly IFileSystem _fileSystem;
     private readonly ILogger<PeopleValidationTask> _logger;
+    private readonly ILogger<PeopleValidator> _validatorLogger;
     private readonly IItemTypeLookup _itemTypeLookup;
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -39,6 +41,7 @@ public class PeopleValidationTask : IScheduledTask, IConfigurableScheduledTask
     /// <param name="dbContextFactory">Instance of the <see cref="IDbContextFactory{TContext}"/> interface.</param>
     /// <param name="fileSystem">Instance of the <see cref="IFileSystem"/> interface.</param>
     /// <param name="logger">Instance of the <see cref="ILogger{PeopleValidationTask}"/> interface.</param>
+    /// <param name="validatorLogger">Instance of the <see cref="ILogger{PeopleValidator}"/> interface.</param>
     /// <param name="itemTypeLookup">Instance of the <see cref="IItemTypeLookup"/> interface.</param>
     public PeopleValidationTask(
         ILibraryManager libraryManager,
@@ -46,6 +49,7 @@ public class PeopleValidationTask : IScheduledTask, IConfigurableScheduledTask
         IDbContextFactory<JellyfinDbContext> dbContextFactory,
         IFileSystem fileSystem,
         ILogger<PeopleValidationTask> logger,
+        ILogger<PeopleValidator> validatorLogger,
         IItemTypeLookup itemTypeLookup)
     {
         _libraryManager = libraryManager;
@@ -53,6 +57,7 @@ public class PeopleValidationTask : IScheduledTask, IConfigurableScheduledTask
         _dbContextFactory = dbContextFactory;
         _fileSystem = fileSystem;
         _logger = logger;
+        _validatorLogger = validatorLogger;
         _itemTypeLookup = itemTypeLookup;
     }
 
@@ -165,7 +170,9 @@ public class PeopleValidationTask : IScheduledTask, IConfigurableScheduledTask
         // Phase 2: Validate people (33-66%). Runs after orphaned PeopleBaseItemMap entries are
         // cleaned up above, so dead people are removed in a single pass instead of requiring a second run.
         IProgress<double> validateProgress = new Progress<double>((val) => progress.Report((val / 3) + 33));
-        await _libraryManager.ValidatePeopleAsync(validateProgress, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        await new PeopleValidator(_libraryManager, _validatorLogger)
+            .Run(validateProgress, cancellationToken)
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
 
         // Phase 3: Refresh images for people missing them (66-100%)
         IProgress<double> refreshProgress = new Progress<double>((val) => progress.Report((val / 3) + 66));

Emby.Server.Implementations/ScheduledTasks/Tasks/PluginUpdateTask.cs

@@ -107,6 +107,11 @@ public class PluginUpdateTask : IScheduledTask, IConfigurableScheduledTask
             {
                 _logger.LogError(ex, "Error updating {Name}", package.Name);
             }
+            catch (TimeoutException ex)
+            {
+                // One slow download must not abort the updates for the remaining plugins.
+                _logger.LogError(ex, "Error downloading {Name}", package.Name);
+            }
             catch (InvalidDataException ex)
             {
                 _logger.LogError(ex, "Error updating {Name}", package.Name);

Emby.Server.Implementations/SyncPlay/Group.cs

@@ -90,6 +90,18 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.SyncPlay
         /// <value>The default ping.</value>
         public long DefaultPing { get; } = 500;
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the maximum ping, in milliseconds, accepted from a session.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Pings are reported by clients and are scaled into the delays used to schedule playback,
+        /// so an unbounded value lets a single session push the whole group's resume point
+        /// arbitrarily far out, or overflow the arithmetic entirely. Anything above this is not a
+        /// usable measurement for synchronisation.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <value>The maximum ping.</value>
+        public long MaxPing { get; } = 10000;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets the maximum time offset error accepted for dates reported by clients, in milliseconds.
         /// </summary>
@@ -438,7 +450,7 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.SyncPlay
         {
             if (_participants.TryGetValue(session.Id, out GroupMember value))
             {
-                value.Ping = ping;
+                value.Ping = Math.Clamp(ping, 0, MaxPing);
             }
         }
 
@@ -451,7 +463,9 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.SyncPlay
                 max = Math.Max(max, session.Ping);
             }
 
-            return max;
+            // A group with no participants has no ping to report. Returning long.MinValue would
+            // overflow the callers that scale this value into ticks, so fall back to the default.
+            return max == long.MinValue ? DefaultPing : max;
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc />

Emby.Server.Implementations/SyncPlay/SyncPlayManager.cs

@@ -181,8 +181,8 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.SyncPlay
                     {
                         if (existingGroup.GroupId.Equals(request.GroupId))
                         {
-                            // Restore session.
-                            UpdateSessionsCounter(session.UserId, 1);
+                            // Restore session. The session is already in the group and has already
+                            // been counted, so the counter must not be incremented a second time.
                             group.SessionJoin(session, request, cancellationToken);
                             return;
                         }
@@ -332,8 +332,11 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.SyncPlay
                 // Group lock required as Group is not thread-safe.
                 lock (group)
                 {
-                    // Make sure that session still belongs to this group.
-                    if (_sessionToGroupMap.TryGetValue(session.Id, out var checkGroup) && !checkGroup.GroupId.Equals(group.GroupId))
+                    // Make sure that session still belongs to this group. The lookup can fail
+                    // outright when the session left while this request was waiting on the group
+                    // lock, which is exactly the case this re-check exists to catch.
+                    if (!_sessionToGroupMap.TryGetValue(session.Id, out var checkGroup)
+                        || !checkGroup.GroupId.Equals(group.GroupId))
                     {
                         // Drop request.
                         return;
@@ -400,7 +403,7 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.SyncPlay
             // Update sessions counter.
             var newSessionsCounter = _activeUsers.AddOrUpdate(
                 userId,
-                1,
+                toAdd,
                 (_, sessionsCounter) => sessionsCounter + toAdd);
 
             // Should never happen.

Emby.Server.Implementations/Updates/InstallationManager.cs

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ using System.Security.Cryptography;
 using System.Text.Json;
 using System.Threading;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
-using Jellyfin.Data.Events;
 using Jellyfin.Extensions;
 using Jellyfin.Extensions.Json;
 using MediaBrowser.Common.Configuration;
@@ -34,6 +33,9 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Updates
     public class InstallationManager : IInstallationManager
     {
         private static readonly SearchValues<char> InvalidPackageNameChars = SearchValues.Create([.. Path.GetInvalidFileNameChars(), '/', '\\']);
+        // Budget for the whole package download. The response headers are already bounded by the
+        // HttpClient timeout; this covers reading the package body, which can be large and slow.
+        private static readonly TimeSpan PackageDownloadTimeout = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(10);
 
         /// <summary>
         /// The logger.
@@ -82,8 +84,8 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Updates
             IServerConfigurationManager config,
             IPluginManager pluginManager)
         {
-            _currentInstallations = new List<(InstallationInfo, CancellationTokenSource)>();
-            _completedInstallationsInternal = new ConcurrentBag<InstallationInfo>();
+            _currentInstallations = [];
+            _completedInstallationsInternal = [];
 
             _logger = logger;
             _applicationHost = appHost;
@@ -341,8 +343,9 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Updates
 
                 _applicationHost.NotifyPendingRestart();
             }
-            catch (OperationCanceledException)
+            catch (OperationCanceledException) when (linkedToken.IsCancellationRequested)
             {
+                // Only an actually cancelled token is a cancellation.
                 lock (_currentInstallationsLock)
                 {
                     _currentInstallations.Remove(tuple);
@@ -356,7 +359,7 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Updates
             }
             catch (Exception ex)
             {
-                _logger.LogError(ex, "Package installation failed");
+                _logger.LogError(ex, "Package installation failed: {Name} {Version}", package.Name, package.Version);
 
                 lock (_currentInstallationsLock)
                 {
@@ -546,12 +549,36 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Updates
                 throw new InvalidDataException($"Plugin package name '{package.Name}' resolves outside the plugins directory.");
             }
 
-            using var response = await _httpClientFactory.CreateClient(NamedClient.Default)
-                .GetAsync(new Uri(package.SourceUrl), cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
-            response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();
-            Stream stream = await response.Content.ReadAsStreamAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
-            await using (stream.ConfigureAwait(false))
+            // ResponseHeadersRead keeps the body out of the HttpClient timeout, which otherwise covers
+            // the whole download; the package gets the longer budget below instead.
+            using var downloadTokenSource = CancellationTokenSource.CreateLinkedTokenSource(cancellationToken);
+            downloadTokenSource.CancelAfter(PackageDownloadTimeout);
+            var downloadToken = downloadTokenSource.Token;
+
+            var buffer = new MemoryStream();
+            await using (buffer.ConfigureAwait(false))
             {
+                try
+                {
+                    using var response = await _httpClientFactory.CreateClient(NamedClient.Default)
+                        .GetAsync(new Uri(package.SourceUrl), HttpCompletionOption.ResponseHeadersRead, downloadToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                    response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();
+
+                    // The package is read twice, for the checksum and for the extraction, so it has
+                    // to be buffered: the response stream is not seekable.
+                    await response.Content.CopyToAsync(buffer, downloadToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                }
+                catch (OperationCanceledException ex) when (!cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
+                {
+                    // Either our budget above or the HttpClient timeout ran out.
+                    throw new TimeoutException(
+                        $"Downloading the package {package.Name} {package.Version} from {package.SourceUrl} timed out.",
+                        ex);
+                }
+
+                buffer.Position = 0;
+                Stream stream = buffer;
+
                 // CA5351: Do Not Use Broken Cryptographic Algorithms
 #pragma warning disable CA5351
                 cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();

Jellyfin.Api/Controllers/LibraryStructureController.cs

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ using MediaBrowser.Controller.Configuration;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.Entities;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.IO;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.Library;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.Providers;
 using MediaBrowser.Model.Configuration;
 using MediaBrowser.Model.Entities;
 using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization;
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@ public class LibraryStructureController : BaseJellyfinApiController
     private readonly IServerApplicationPaths _appPaths;
     private readonly ILibraryManager _libraryManager;
     private readonly ILibraryMonitor _libraryMonitor;
+    private readonly IDirectoryService _directoryService;
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="LibraryStructureController"/> class.
@@ -41,14 +43,17 @@ public class LibraryStructureController : BaseJellyfinApiController
     /// <param name="serverConfigurationManager">Instance of <see cref="IServerConfigurationManager"/> interface.</param>
     /// <param name="libraryManager">Instance of <see cref="ILibraryManager"/> interface.</param>
     /// <param name="libraryMonitor">Instance of <see cref="ILibraryMonitor"/> interface.</param>
+    /// <param name="directoryService">Instance of <see cref="IDirectoryService"/> interface.</param>
     public LibraryStructureController(
         IServerConfigurationManager serverConfigurationManager,
         ILibraryManager libraryManager,
-        ILibraryMonitor libraryMonitor)
+        ILibraryMonitor libraryMonitor,
+        IDirectoryService directoryService)
     {
         _appPaths = serverConfigurationManager.ApplicationPaths;
         _libraryManager = libraryManager;
         _libraryMonitor = libraryMonitor;
+        _directoryService = directoryService;
     }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -178,11 +183,11 @@ public class LibraryStructureController : BaseJellyfinApiController
                 var tempPath = Path.Combine(
                     rootFolderPath,
                     Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
-                Directory.Move(currentPath, tempPath);
+                _directoryService.Move(currentPath, tempPath);
                 currentPath = tempPath;
             }
 
-            Directory.Move(currentPath, newPath);
+            _directoryService.Move(currentPath, newPath);
         }
         finally
         {

Jellyfin.Api/Controllers/PackageController.cs

@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@ using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Jellyfin.Extensions;
 using MediaBrowser.Common.Api;
+using MediaBrowser.Common.Plugins;
 using MediaBrowser.Common.Updates;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.Configuration;
 using MediaBrowser.Model.Updates;
@@ -23,16 +25,22 @@ public class PackageController : BaseJellyfinApiController
 {
     private readonly IInstallationManager _installationManager;
     private readonly IServerConfigurationManager _serverConfigurationManager;
+    private readonly IPluginManager _pluginManager;
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="PackageController"/> class.
     /// </summary>
     /// <param name="installationManager">Instance of the <see cref="IInstallationManager"/> interface.</param>
     /// <param name="serverConfigurationManager">Instance of the <see cref="IServerConfigurationManager"/> interface.</param>
-    public PackageController(IInstallationManager installationManager, IServerConfigurationManager serverConfigurationManager)
+    /// <param name="pluginManager">Instance of the <see cref="IPluginManager"/> interface.</param>
+    public PackageController(
+        IInstallationManager installationManager,
+        IServerConfigurationManager serverConfigurationManager,
+        IPluginManager pluginManager)
     {
         _installationManager = installationManager;
         _serverConfigurationManager = serverConfigurationManager;
+        _pluginManager = pluginManager;
     }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -48,6 +56,13 @@ public class PackageController : BaseJellyfinApiController
         [FromRoute, Required] string name,
         [FromQuery] Guid? assemblyGuid)
     {
+        // Plugins bundled with the server are not published to any repository, so querying
+        // the configured repositories for them can only ever fail, and does so slowly.
+        if (IsBundledPlugin(name, assemblyGuid))
+        {
+            return NotFound();
+        }
+
         var packages = await _installationManager.GetAvailablePackages().ConfigureAwait(false);
         var result = _installationManager.FilterPackages(
                 packages,
@@ -96,6 +111,11 @@ public class PackageController : BaseJellyfinApiController
         [FromQuery] string? version,
         [FromQuery] string? repositoryUrl)
     {
+        if (IsBundledPlugin(name, assemblyGuid))
+        {
+            return NotFound();
+        }
+
         var packages = await _installationManager.GetAvailablePackages().ConfigureAwait(false);
         if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(repositoryUrl))
         {
@@ -161,4 +181,13 @@ public class PackageController : BaseJellyfinApiController
         _serverConfigurationManager.SaveConfiguration();
         return NoContent();
     }
+
+    private bool IsBundledPlugin(string name, Guid? assemblyGuid)
+    {
+        var plugin = assemblyGuid is Guid id && !id.IsEmpty()
+            ? _pluginManager.GetPlugin(id)
+            : _pluginManager.Plugins.FirstOrDefault(p => p.Name.Equals(name, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
+
+        return plugin?.Instance?.CanUninstall == false;
+    }
 }

Jellyfin.Api/Controllers/SubtitleController.cs

@@ -557,7 +557,7 @@ public class SubtitleController : BaseJellyfinApiController
         if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(fallbackFontPath))
         {
             var fontFile = _fileSystem.GetFiles(fallbackFontPath)
-                .First(i => string.Equals(i.Name, name, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
+                .FirstOrDefault(i => string.Equals(i.Name, name, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
             var fileSize = fontFile?.Length;
 
             if (fontFile is not null && fileSize is not null && fileSize > 0)

Jellyfin.Api/Helpers/DynamicHlsHelper.cs

@@ -458,6 +458,7 @@ public class DynamicHlsHelper
                     {
                         case VideoRangeType.HLG:
                         case VideoRangeType.DOVIWithHLG:
+                        case VideoRangeType.DOVIInvalid when string.Equals(state.VideoStream.ColorTransfer, "arib-std-b67", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase):
                             builder.Append(",VIDEO-RANGE=HLG");
                             break;
                         default:

Jellyfin.Data/Enums/VideoRangeType.cs

@@ -61,8 +61,9 @@ public enum VideoRangeType
     DOVIWithELHDR10Plus,
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Dolby Vision with invalid configuration. e.g. Profile 8 compat id 6.
-    /// When using this range, the server would assume the video is still HDR10 after removing the Dolby Vision metadata.
+    /// Dolby Vision with invalid configuration, e.g. Profile 8 compat id 6 or inconsistent base-layer color metadata.
+    /// The base layer is classified as HDR only when its transfer characteristics signal PQ or HLG.
+    /// Otherwise, it is classified as SDR.
     /// </summary>
     DOVIInvalid,
 

Jellyfin.Server.Implementations/Item/BaseItemRepository.ByName.cs

@@ -121,20 +121,22 @@ public sealed partial class BaseItemRepository
     {
         using var context = _dbProvider.CreateDbContext();
 
-        var query = context.ItemValuesMap
-            .AsNoTracking()
-            .Where(e => itemValueTypes.Any(w => w == e.ItemValue.Type));
+        var maps = context.ItemValuesMap.AsNoTracking();
         if (withItemTypes.Count > 0)
         {
-            query = query.Where(e => withItemTypes.Contains(e.Item.Type));
+            maps = maps.Where(e => withItemTypes.Contains(e.Item.Type));
         }
 
         if (excludeItemTypes.Count > 0)
         {
-            query = query.Where(e => !excludeItemTypes.Contains(e.Item.Type));
+            maps = maps.Where(e => !excludeItemTypes.Contains(e.Item.Type));
         }
 
-        return query.Select(e => e.ItemValue)
+        return context.ItemValues
+            .AsNoTracking()
+            .WhereOneOrMany(itemValueTypes, e => e.Type)
+            .Where(e => maps.Any(m => m.ItemValueId == e.ItemValueId))
+            .Select(e => new { e.CleanValue, e.Value })
             .GroupBy(e => e.CleanValue)
             .Select(g => g.Min(v => v.Value)!)
             .ToArray();
@@ -317,14 +319,7 @@ public sealed partial class BaseItemRepository
             .WhereOneOrMany(cleanNames, ivm => ivm.ItemValue.CleanValue);
 
         var seriesTypeName = _itemTypeLookup.BaseItemKindNames[BaseItemKind.Series];
-        var movieTypeName = _itemTypeLookup.BaseItemKindNames[BaseItemKind.Movie];
         var episodeTypeName = _itemTypeLookup.BaseItemKindNames[BaseItemKind.Episode];
-        var musicAlbumTypeName = _itemTypeLookup.BaseItemKindNames[BaseItemKind.MusicAlbum];
-        var musicArtistTypeName = _itemTypeLookup.BaseItemKindNames[BaseItemKind.MusicArtist];
-        var musicVideoTypeName = _itemTypeLookup.BaseItemKindNames[BaseItemKind.MusicVideo];
-        var programTypeName = _itemTypeLookup.BaseItemKindNames[BaseItemKind.LiveTvProgram];
-        var audioTypeName = _itemTypeLookup.BaseItemKindNames[BaseItemKind.Audio];
-        var trailerTypeName = _itemTypeLookup.BaseItemKindNames[BaseItemKind.Trailer];
 
         // Rewrite query to avoid SelectMany on navigation properties (which requires SQL APPLY, not supported on SQLite)
         // Instead, start from ItemValueMaps and join with BaseItems.
@@ -333,9 +328,9 @@ public sealed partial class BaseItemRepository
                 scopedItems,
                 ivm => ivm.ItemId,
                 e => e.Id,
-                (ivm, e) => new { CleanName = ivm.ItemValue.CleanValue, e.Type, e.SeriesId })
+                (ivm, e) => new { CleanName = ivm.ItemValue.CleanValue, e.Type, e.SeriesId, e.Id })
             .GroupBy(x => new { x.CleanName, x.Type, x.SeriesId })
-            .Select(g => new { g.Key.CleanName, g.Key.Type, g.Key.SeriesId, Count = g.Count() })
+            .Select(g => new { g.Key.CleanName, g.Key.Type, g.Key.SeriesId, Count = g.Select(x => x.Id).Distinct().Count() })
             .ToList();
 
         // Only studios and genres pass down from a series to its episodes; an artist credit does not.
@@ -357,46 +352,10 @@ public sealed partial class BaseItemRepository
 
         foreach (var group in rawCounts.GroupBy(x => x.CleanName))
         {
-            var counts = new ItemCounts();
-            foreach (var row in group)
-            {
-                if (row.Type == seriesTypeName)
-                {
-                    counts.SeriesCount += row.Count;
-                }
-                else if (row.Type == movieTypeName)
-                {
-                    counts.MovieCount += row.Count;
-                }
-                else if (row.Type == musicAlbumTypeName)
-                {
-                    counts.AlbumCount += row.Count;
-                }
-                else if (row.Type == musicArtistTypeName)
-                {
-                    counts.ArtistCount += row.Count;
-                }
-                else if (row.Type == musicVideoTypeName)
-                {
-                    counts.MusicVideoCount += row.Count;
-                }
-                else if (row.Type == programTypeName)
-                {
-                    counts.ProgramCount += row.Count;
-                }
-                else if (row.Type == audioTypeName)
-                {
-                    counts.SongCount += row.Count;
-                }
-                else if (row.Type == trailerTypeName)
-                {
-                    counts.TrailerCount += row.Count;
-                }
-            }
+            var counts = ItemCountBuilder.Build(_itemTypeLookup, group.Select(row => (row.Type, row.Count)));
 
             // Episodes are counted separately: the value is usually only written on the series.
-            counts.EpisodeCount = episodeCounts.GetValueOrDefault(group.Key);
-            counts.ItemCount = counts.TotalItemCount();
+            ItemCountBuilder.SetEpisodeCount(counts, episodeCounts.GetValueOrDefault(group.Key));
             countsByCleanName[group.Key] = counts;
         }
 
@@ -405,7 +364,9 @@ public sealed partial class BaseItemRepository
         {
             if (!countsByCleanName.ContainsKey(cleanName))
             {
-                countsByCleanName[cleanName] = new ItemCounts { EpisodeCount = episodeCount, ItemCount = episodeCount };
+                var counts = new ItemCounts();
+                ItemCountBuilder.SetEpisodeCount(counts, episodeCount);
+                countsByCleanName[cleanName] = counts;
             }
         }
 

Jellyfin.Server.Implementations/Item/BaseItemRepository.Querying.cs

@@ -626,18 +626,26 @@ public sealed partial class BaseItemRepository
             .ToArray();
 
         var tags = context.ItemValuesMap
-            .Where(ivm => ivm.ItemValue.Type == ItemValueType.Tags)
-            .Where(ivm => matchingItemIds.Contains(ivm.ItemId))
-            .Select(ivm => ivm.ItemValue)
+            .Join(
+                context.ItemValues,
+                ivm => ivm.ItemValueId,
+                iv => iv.ItemValueId,
+                (ivm, iv) => new { ivm.ItemId, iv.Type, iv.CleanValue, iv.Value })
+            .Where(iv => iv.Type == ItemValueType.Tags)
+            .Where(iv => matchingItemIds.Contains(iv.ItemId))
             .GroupBy(iv => iv.CleanValue)
             .Select(g => g.Min(iv => iv.Value))
             .OrderBy(t => t)
             .ToArray();
 
         var genres = context.ItemValuesMap
-            .Where(ivm => ivm.ItemValue.Type == ItemValueType.Genre)
-            .Where(ivm => matchingItemIds.Contains(ivm.ItemId))
-            .Select(ivm => ivm.ItemValue)
+            .Join(
+                context.ItemValues,
+                ivm => ivm.ItemValueId,
+                iv => iv.ItemValueId,
+                (ivm, iv) => new { ivm.ItemId, iv.Type, iv.CleanValue, iv.Value })
+            .Where(iv => iv.Type == ItemValueType.Genre)
+            .Where(iv => matchingItemIds.Contains(iv.ItemId))
             .GroupBy(iv => iv.CleanValue)
             .Select(g => g.Min(iv => iv.Value))
             .OrderBy(g => g)

Jellyfin.Server.Implementations/Item/BaseItemRepository.TranslateQuery.cs

@@ -38,22 +38,32 @@ public sealed partial class BaseItemRepository
     // Shared by the isPlayed filter and the IsPlayed/IsUnplayed ordering so the two cannot disagree.
     private Expression<Func<BaseItemEntity, bool>> BuildIsPlayedFilter(JellyfinDbContext context, User user)
     {
-        var userId = user.Id;
+        // Folders (Series, Seasons, BoxSets, albums, ...) carry no played state of their own and count
+        // as played once no descendant is left unplayed.
+        var unplayedLeafItems = GetAccessFilteredLeafItemsQuery(context, user)
+            .Where(BuildLeafIsPlayedFilter(context, user.Id).Not());
 
-        // Leaf items carry their own played state.
+        return IsFolderFilter.And(BuildHasDescendantFilter(context, unplayedLeafItems).Not())
+            .Or(IsFolderFilter.Not().And(BuildLeafIsPlayedFilter(context, user.Id)));
+    }
+
+    private static Expression<Func<BaseItemEntity, bool>> BuildLeafIsPlayedFilter(JellyfinDbContext context, Guid userId)
+    {
         var playedItemIds = context.UserData
             .Where(ud => ud.UserId == userId && ud.Played)
             .Select(ud => ud.ItemId);
 
-        // Folders (Series, Seasons, BoxSets, albums, ...) have none and count as played once no
-        // descendant is left unplayed, matching what the DTO reports for them. This has to key off
-        // the item itself rather than off the requested item types: tag and collection listings mix
-        // folders and leaf items in a single query.
-        var unplayedLeafItems = GetAccessFilteredLeafItemsQuery(context, user)
-            .Where(e => !e.UserData!.Any(ud => ud.UserId == userId && ud.Played));
+        // The primaries of every version group holding a played row, whichever version carries it.
+        var playedGroupIds = context.BaseItems
+            .Where(v => v.PrimaryVersionId != null
+                && context.UserData.Any(ud => ud.UserId == userId
+                    && ud.Played
+                    && (ud.ItemId == v.Id || ud.ItemId == v.PrimaryVersionId)))
+            .Select(v => v.PrimaryVersionId!.Value);
 
-        return IsFolderFilter.And(BuildHasDescendantFilter(context, unplayedLeafItems).Not())
-            .Or(IsFolderFilter.Not().And(e => playedItemIds.Contains(e.Id)));
+        return e => playedItemIds.Contains(e.Id)
+            || playedGroupIds.Contains(e.Id)
+            || (e.PrimaryVersionId != null && playedGroupIds.Contains(e.PrimaryVersionId.Value));
     }
 
     // "und" is the language filters' stand-in for a track that declares no language at all.

Jellyfin.Server.Implementations/Item/ItemCountBuilder.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Jellyfin.Data.Enums;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.Persistence;
+using MediaBrowser.Model.Dto;
+
+namespace Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Item;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Turns per-type counts into an <see cref="ItemCounts"/>.
+/// </summary>
+internal static class ItemCountBuilder
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Builds the counts of one by-name item.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="itemTypeLookup">The item type lookup.</param>
+    /// <param name="counts">The counted items, by type name. A type may repeat.</param>
+    /// <returns>The counts.</returns>
+    public static ItemCounts Build(IItemTypeLookup itemTypeLookup, IEnumerable<(string Type, int Count)> counts)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(itemTypeLookup);
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(counts);
+
+        var lookup = itemTypeLookup.BaseItemKindNames;
+        var result = new ItemCounts();
+
+        foreach (var (type, count) in counts)
+        {
+            // Accumulated rather than assigned: a caller may group by something finer than the
+            // type and hand the same type over more than once.
+            if (string.Equals(type, lookup[BaseItemKind.MusicAlbum], StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            {
+                result.AlbumCount += count;
+            }
+            else if (string.Equals(type, lookup[BaseItemKind.MusicArtist], StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            {
+                result.ArtistCount += count;
+            }
+            else if (string.Equals(type, lookup[BaseItemKind.Episode], StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            {
+                result.EpisodeCount += count;
+            }
+            else if (string.Equals(type, lookup[BaseItemKind.Movie], StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            {
+                result.MovieCount += count;
+            }
+            else if (string.Equals(type, lookup[BaseItemKind.MusicVideo], StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            {
+                result.MusicVideoCount += count;
+            }
+            else if (string.Equals(type, lookup[BaseItemKind.LiveTvProgram], StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            {
+                result.ProgramCount += count;
+            }
+            else if (string.Equals(type, lookup[BaseItemKind.Series], StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            {
+                result.SeriesCount += count;
+            }
+            else if (string.Equals(type, lookup[BaseItemKind.Audio], StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            {
+                result.SongCount += count;
+            }
+            else if (string.Equals(type, lookup[BaseItemKind.Trailer], StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            {
+                result.TrailerCount += count;
+            }
+            else if (string.Equals(type, lookup[BaseItemKind.BoxSet], StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            {
+                result.BoxSetCount += count;
+            }
+            else if (string.Equals(type, lookup[BaseItemKind.Book], StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            {
+                result.BookCount += count;
+            }
+        }
+
+        result.ItemCount = result.TotalItemCount();
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Replaces the episode count, which both by-name paths decide separately from the other
+    /// types because a genre or studio is usually written on the series rather than its episodes.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="counts">The counts to update.</param>
+    /// <param name="episodeCount">The episode count.</param>
+    public static void SetEpisodeCount(ItemCounts counts, int episodeCount)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(counts);
+
+        counts.EpisodeCount = episodeCount;
+        counts.ItemCount = counts.TotalItemCount();
+    }
+}

Jellyfin.Server.Implementations/Item/ItemCountService.cs

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ using System.Linq;
 using Jellyfin.Data.Enums;
 using Jellyfin.Database.Implementations;
 using Jellyfin.Database.Implementations.Entities;
+using Jellyfin.Database.Implementations.Enums;
 using Jellyfin.Extensions;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.Entities;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.Persistence;
@@ -125,178 +126,286 @@ public class ItemCountService : IItemCountService
     /// <inheritdoc />
     public ItemCounts GetItemCountsForNameItem(BaseItemKind kind, Guid id, BaseItemKind[] relatedItemKinds, InternalItemsQuery accessFilter)
     {
-        using var context = _dbProvider.CreateDbContext();
+        return GetItemCountsForNameItems(kind, [id], relatedItemKinds, accessFilter)[id];
+    }
 
-        var item = context.BaseItems.AsNoTracking()
-            .Where(e => e.Id == id)
-            .Select(e => new { e.Name, e.CleanName })
-            .FirstOrDefault();
-
-        if (item is null)
+    private static ItemValueType[] GetItemValueTypes(BaseItemKind kind)
+        => kind switch
         {
-            return new ItemCounts();
+            BaseItemKind.MusicArtist => [ItemValueType.Artist, ItemValueType.AlbumArtist],
+            BaseItemKind.Genre or BaseItemKind.MusicGenre => [ItemValueType.Genre],
+            BaseItemKind.Studio => [ItemValueType.Studios],
+            _ => []
+        };
+
+    /// <inheritdoc />
+    public Dictionary<Guid, ItemCounts> GetItemCountsForNameItems(BaseItemKind kind, IReadOnlyList<Guid> ids, BaseItemKind[] relatedItemKinds, InternalItemsQuery accessFilter)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(ids);
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(relatedItemKinds);
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(accessFilter);
+
+        var result = new Dictionary<Guid, ItemCounts>();
+        if (ids.Count == 0)
+        {
+            return result;
         }
 
-        IQueryable<BaseItemEntity> baseQuery;
-        switch (kind)
-        {
-            case BaseItemKind.Person:
-                baseQuery = ItemsById(context, context.PeopleBaseItemMap
-                    .AsNoTracking()
-                    .Where(m => m.People.Name == item.Name)
-                    .Select(m => m.ItemId));
-                break;
-            case BaseItemKind.MusicArtist:
-                baseQuery = ItemsById(context, context.ItemValuesMap
-                    .AsNoTracking()
-                    .Where(ivm => ivm.ItemValue.CleanValue == item.CleanName
-                        && (ivm.ItemValue.Type == ItemValueType.Artist || ivm.ItemValue.Type == ItemValueType.AlbumArtist))
-                    .Select(ivm => ivm.ItemId));
-                break;
-            case BaseItemKind.Genre:
-            case BaseItemKind.MusicGenre:
-                baseQuery = ItemsById(context, context.ItemValuesMap
-                    .AsNoTracking()
-                    .Where(ivm => ivm.ItemValue.CleanValue == item.CleanName
-                        && ivm.ItemValue.Type == ItemValueType.Genre)
-                    .Select(ivm => ivm.ItemId));
-                break;
-            case BaseItemKind.Studio:
-                baseQuery = ItemsById(context, context.ItemValuesMap
-                    .AsNoTracking()
-                    .Where(ivm => ivm.ItemValue.CleanValue == item.CleanName
-                        && ivm.ItemValue.Type == ItemValueType.Studios)
-                    .Select(ivm => ivm.ItemId));
-                break;
-            case BaseItemKind.Year:
-                if (int.TryParse(item.Name, NumberStyles.Integer, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out var year))
-                {
-                    baseQuery = context.BaseItems
-                        .AsNoTracking()
-                        .Where(e => e.ProductionYear == year);
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    return new ItemCounts();
-                }
+        using var context = _dbProvider.CreateDbContext();
 
-                break;
-            default:
-                return new ItemCounts();
+        var idsArray = ids as Guid[] ?? ids.ToArray();
+        var nameItems = context.BaseItems.AsNoTracking()
+            .WhereOneOrMany(idsArray, e => e.Id)
+            .Select(e => new NameItem(e.Id, e.Name, e.CleanName))
+            .ToArray();
+
+        foreach (var id in ids)
+        {
+            result[id] = new ItemCounts();
+        }
+
+        if (nameItems.Length == 0)
+        {
+            return result;
         }
 
         var typeNames = relatedItemKinds.Select(k => _itemTypeLookup.BaseItemKindNames[k]).ToArray();
-        baseQuery = baseQuery.Where(e => typeNames.Contains(e.Type));
+        var related = _queryHelpers.ApplyAccessFiltering(
+            context,
+            context.BaseItems.AsNoTracking().Where(e => typeNames.Contains(e.Type)),
+            accessFilter);
 
-        baseQuery = _queryHelpers.ApplyAccessFiltering(context, baseQuery, accessFilter);
-
-        var counts = baseQuery
-            .GroupBy(x => x.Type)
-            .Select(x => new { x.Key, Count = x.Count() })
-            .ToArray();
-
-        var lookup = _itemTypeLookup.BaseItemKindNames;
-        var result = new ItemCounts();
-        var totalCount = 0;
-
-        foreach (var count in counts)
+        var valueTypes = GetItemValueTypes(kind);
+        if (valueTypes.Length > 0)
         {
-            totalCount += count.Count;
-
-            if (string.Equals(count.Key, lookup[BaseItemKind.MusicAlbum], StringComparison.Ordinal))
-            {
-                result.AlbumCount = count.Count;
-            }
-            else if (string.Equals(count.Key, lookup[BaseItemKind.MusicArtist], StringComparison.Ordinal))
-            {
-                result.ArtistCount = count.Count;
-            }
-            else if (string.Equals(count.Key, lookup[BaseItemKind.Episode], StringComparison.Ordinal))
-            {
-                result.EpisodeCount = count.Count;
-            }
-            else if (string.Equals(count.Key, lookup[BaseItemKind.Movie], StringComparison.Ordinal))
-            {
-                result.MovieCount = count.Count;
-            }
-            else if (string.Equals(count.Key, lookup[BaseItemKind.MusicVideo], StringComparison.Ordinal))
-            {
-                result.MusicVideoCount = count.Count;
-            }
-            else if (string.Equals(count.Key, lookup[BaseItemKind.LiveTvProgram], StringComparison.Ordinal))
-            {
-                result.ProgramCount = count.Count;
-            }
-            else if (string.Equals(count.Key, lookup[BaseItemKind.Series], StringComparison.Ordinal))
-            {
-                result.SeriesCount = count.Count;
-            }
-            else if (string.Equals(count.Key, lookup[BaseItemKind.Audio], StringComparison.Ordinal))
-            {
-                result.SongCount = count.Count;
-            }
-            else if (string.Equals(count.Key, lookup[BaseItemKind.Trailer], StringComparison.Ordinal))
-            {
-                result.TrailerCount = count.Count;
-            }
-            else if (string.Equals(count.Key, lookup[BaseItemKind.BoxSet], StringComparison.Ordinal))
-            {
-                result.BoxSetCount = count.Count;
-            }
-            else if (string.Equals(count.Key, lookup[BaseItemKind.Book], StringComparison.Ordinal))
-            {
-                result.BookCount = count.Count;
-            }
+            CountByItemValue(context, related, kind, relatedItemKinds, valueTypes, nameItems, result);
         }
-
-        if (kind is BaseItemKind.Studio or BaseItemKind.Genre or BaseItemKind.MusicGenre
-            && relatedItemKinds.Contains(BaseItemKind.Episode)
-            && relatedItemKinds.Contains(BaseItemKind.Series))
+        else if (kind == BaseItemKind.Person)
         {
-            var rolledUpEpisodeCount = CountEpisodesOfTaggedSeries(context, baseQuery, accessFilter, out var directEpisodeCount);
-            totalCount += rolledUpEpisodeCount - result.EpisodeCount + directEpisodeCount;
-            result.EpisodeCount = rolledUpEpisodeCount + directEpisodeCount;
+            CountByPersonName(context, related, nameItems, result);
+        }
+        else if (kind == BaseItemKind.Year)
+        {
+            CountByProductionYear(related, nameItems, result);
         }
-
-        result.ItemCount = totalCount;
 
         return result;
     }
 
-    private int CountEpisodesOfTaggedSeries(
+    private void CountByItemValue(
         JellyfinDbContext context,
-        IQueryable<BaseItemEntity> taggedItems,
-        InternalItemsQuery accessFilter,
-        out int unrelatedEpisodeCount)
+        IQueryable<BaseItemEntity> related,
+        BaseItemKind kind,
+        BaseItemKind[] relatedItemKinds,
+        ItemValueType[] valueTypes,
+        NameItem[] nameItems,
+        Dictionary<Guid, ItemCounts> result)
+    {
+        var cleanNames = nameItems
+            .Select(n => n.CleanName)
+            .OfType<string>()
+            .Distinct(StringComparer.Ordinal)
+            .ToArray();
+
+        if (cleanNames.Length == 0)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        var grouped = context.ItemValuesMap.AsNoTracking()
+            .Where(ivm => valueTypes.Contains(ivm.ItemValue.Type))
+            .WhereOneOrMany(cleanNames, ivm => ivm.ItemValue.CleanValue)
+            .Join(related, ivm => ivm.ItemId, e => e.Id, (ivm, e) => new { ivm.ItemValue.CleanValue, e.Type, e.Id })
+            .GroupBy(x => new { x.CleanValue, x.Type })
+            .Select(g => new { g.Key.CleanValue, g.Key.Type, Count = g.Select(x => x.Id).Distinct().Count() })
+            .ToArray();
+
+        var byCleanName = grouped
+            .GroupBy(g => g.CleanValue, StringComparer.Ordinal)
+            .ToDictionary(g => g.Key, g => g.Select(x => (x.Type, x.Count)).ToArray(), StringComparer.Ordinal);
+
+        var seriesTypeName = _itemTypeLookup.BaseItemKindNames[BaseItemKind.Series];
+        var episodeRollUp = RollsUpEpisodes(kind, relatedItemKinds)
+                && Array.Exists(grouped, g => string.Equals(g.Type, seriesTypeName, StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            ? CountEpisodesOfTaggedSeriesByCleanName(context, related, valueTypes, cleanNames)
+            : null;
+
+        foreach (var nameItem in nameItems)
+        {
+            if (nameItem.CleanName is null || !byCleanName.TryGetValue(nameItem.CleanName, out var counts))
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            var itemCounts = ItemCountBuilder.Build(_itemTypeLookup, counts);
+
+            if (episodeRollUp is not null)
+            {
+                var rollUp = episodeRollUp.GetValueOrDefault(nameItem.CleanName);
+
+                // Episodes of a tagged series count towards it even when untagged themselves, and
+                // a tagged episode of a tagged series must not be counted a second time.
+                var directEpisodeCount = itemCounts.EpisodeCount - rollUp.TaggedEpisodesOfTaggedSeries;
+                ItemCountBuilder.SetEpisodeCount(itemCounts, rollUp.EpisodesOfTaggedSeries + directEpisodeCount);
+            }
+
+            result[nameItem.Id] = itemCounts;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void CountByPersonName(
+        JellyfinDbContext context,
+        IQueryable<BaseItemEntity> related,
+        NameItem[] nameItems,
+        Dictionary<Guid, ItemCounts> result)
+    {
+        var names = nameItems
+            .Select(n => n.Name)
+            .OfType<string>()
+            .Distinct(StringComparer.Ordinal)
+            .ToArray();
+
+        if (names.Length == 0)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        var grouped = context.PeopleBaseItemMap.AsNoTracking()
+            .WhereOneOrMany(names, m => m.People.Name)
+            .Join(related, m => m.ItemId, e => e.Id, (m, e) => new { m.People.Name, e.Type, e.Id })
+            .GroupBy(x => new { x.Name, x.Type })
+            // A person can be credited on one item more than once, in different roles.
+            .Select(g => new { g.Key.Name, g.Key.Type, Count = g.Select(x => x.Id).Distinct().Count() })
+            .ToArray();
+
+        ApplyGroupedCounts(nameItems, n => n.Name, grouped.Select(g => (g.Name, g.Type, g.Count)), result);
+    }
+
+    private void CountByProductionYear(
+        IQueryable<BaseItemEntity> related,
+        NameItem[] nameItems,
+        Dictionary<Guid, ItemCounts> result)
+    {
+        var years = new List<int>();
+        foreach (var nameItem in nameItems)
+        {
+            if (int.TryParse(nameItem.Name, NumberStyles.Integer, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out var year)
+                && !years.Contains(year))
+            {
+                years.Add(year);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (years.Count == 0)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // No join, so no row can be reached twice and a plain count is the distinct count.
+        var grouped = related
+            .Where(e => e.ProductionYear != null)
+            .WhereOneOrMany(years, e => e.ProductionYear!.Value)
+            .GroupBy(e => new { Year = e.ProductionYear!.Value, e.Type })
+            .Select(g => new { g.Key.Year, g.Key.Type, Count = g.Count() })
+            .ToArray();
+
+        var byYear = grouped
+            .GroupBy(g => g.Year)
+            .ToDictionary(g => g.Key, g => g.Select(x => (x.Type, x.Count)).ToArray());
+
+        foreach (var nameItem in nameItems)
+        {
+            if (int.TryParse(nameItem.Name, NumberStyles.Integer, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out var year)
+                && byYear.TryGetValue(year, out var counts))
+            {
+                result[nameItem.Id] = ItemCountBuilder.Build(_itemTypeLookup, counts);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void ApplyGroupedCounts(
+        NameItem[] nameItems,
+        Func<NameItem, string?> keySelector,
+        IEnumerable<(string Key, string Type, int Count)> grouped,
+        Dictionary<Guid, ItemCounts> result)
+    {
+        var byKey = grouped
+            .GroupBy(g => g.Key, StringComparer.Ordinal)
+            .ToDictionary(g => g.Key, g => g.Select(x => (x.Type, x.Count)).ToArray(), StringComparer.Ordinal);
+
+        foreach (var nameItem in nameItems)
+        {
+            var key = keySelector(nameItem);
+            if (key is not null && byKey.TryGetValue(key, out var counts))
+            {
+                result[nameItem.Id] = ItemCountBuilder.Build(_itemTypeLookup, counts);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static bool RollsUpEpisodes(BaseItemKind kind, BaseItemKind[] relatedItemKinds)
+        => kind is BaseItemKind.Studio or BaseItemKind.Genre or BaseItemKind.MusicGenre
+            && relatedItemKinds.Contains(BaseItemKind.Episode)
+            && relatedItemKinds.Contains(BaseItemKind.Series);
+
+    private Dictionary<string, (int EpisodesOfTaggedSeries, int TaggedEpisodesOfTaggedSeries)> CountEpisodesOfTaggedSeriesByCleanName(
+        JellyfinDbContext context,
+        IQueryable<BaseItemEntity> related,
+        ItemValueType[] valueTypes,
+        string[] cleanNames)
     {
         var seriesTypeName = _itemTypeLookup.BaseItemKindNames[BaseItemKind.Series];
         var episodeTypeName = _itemTypeLookup.BaseItemKindNames[BaseItemKind.Episode];
 
-        var taggedSeriesIds = taggedItems.Where(e => e.Type == seriesTypeName).Select(e => e.Id);
-        unrelatedEpisodeCount = taggedItems.Count(e => e.Type == episodeTypeName
-            && (e.SeriesId == null || !taggedSeriesIds.Contains(e.SeriesId.Value)));
+        var taggedValues = context.ItemValuesMap.AsNoTracking()
+            .Where(ivm => valueTypes.Contains(ivm.ItemValue.Type))
+            .WhereOneOrMany(cleanNames, ivm => ivm.ItemValue.CleanValue);
 
-        // Materialised so the episode count drives off IX_BaseItems_SeriesId.
-        var seriesIds = taggedItems
-            .Where(e => e.Type == seriesTypeName)
-            .Select(e => e.Id)
+        // The series carrying each clean name. Distinct, because one item can be mapped to the
+        // same clean name once per value type.
+        var taggedSeries = taggedValues
+            .Join(
+                related.Where(e => e.Type == seriesTypeName),
+                ivm => ivm.ItemId,
+                e => e.Id,
+                (ivm, e) => new { ivm.ItemValue.CleanValue, SeriesId = e.Id })
+            .Distinct();
+
+        var episodes = related.Where(e => e.Type == episodeTypeName && e.SeriesId != null);
+
+        var episodesOfTaggedSeries = taggedSeries
+            .Join(episodes, s => s.SeriesId, e => e.SeriesId!.Value, (s, e) => new { s.CleanValue, e.Id })
+            .GroupBy(x => x.CleanValue)
+            .Select(g => new { CleanValue = g.Key, Count = g.Select(x => x.Id).Distinct().Count() })
             .ToArray();
 
-        if (seriesIds.Length == 0)
+        // Episodes that carry the clean name themselves *and* belong to a series carrying it. The
+        // roll-up already counts those, so they have to come off the directly tagged ones.
+        var taggedEpisodesOfTaggedSeries = taggedValues
+            .Join(episodes, ivm => ivm.ItemId, e => e.Id, (ivm, e) => new { ivm.ItemValue.CleanValue, e.Id, e.SeriesId })
+            .Join(
+                taggedSeries,
+                e => new { e.CleanValue, SeriesId = e.SeriesId!.Value },
+                s => new { s.CleanValue, s.SeriesId },
+                (e, s) => new { e.CleanValue, e.Id })
+            .GroupBy(x => x.CleanValue)
+            .Select(g => new { CleanValue = g.Key, Count = g.Select(x => x.Id).Distinct().Count() })
+            .ToArray();
+
+        var taggedLookup = taggedEpisodesOfTaggedSeries
+            .ToDictionary(x => x.CleanValue, x => x.Count, StringComparer.Ordinal);
+
+        // Every clean name in taggedLookup came from an episode of a tagged series, so it always
+        // has a row in episodesOfTaggedSeries too - no second merge pass is needed.
+        var result = new Dictionary<string, (int EpisodesOfTaggedSeries, int TaggedEpisodesOfTaggedSeries)>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+        foreach (var entry in episodesOfTaggedSeries)
         {
-            return 0;
+            result[entry.CleanValue] = (entry.Count, taggedLookup.GetValueOrDefault(entry.CleanValue));
         }
 
-        var episodes = context.BaseItems.AsNoTracking()
-            .Where(e => e.Type == episodeTypeName && e.SeriesId != null)
-            .WhereOneOrMany(seriesIds, e => e.SeriesId!.Value);
-
-        return _queryHelpers.ApplyAccessFiltering(context, episodes, accessFilter).Count();
+        return result;
     }
 
-    private static IQueryable<BaseItemEntity> ItemsById(JellyfinDbContext context, IQueryable<Guid> itemIds)
-        => context.BaseItems.AsNoTracking().Where(e => itemIds.Contains(e.Id));
-
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public int GetPlayedCount(InternalItemsQuery filter, Guid ancestorId)
     {
@@ -622,4 +731,12 @@ public class ItemCountService : IItemCountService
 
         return result is null ? (0, 0) : (result.Played, result.Total);
     }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A by-name item, reduced to the three columns the counting keys off.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="Id">The id of the by-name item.</param>
+    /// <param name="Name">The name of the by-name item.</param>
+    /// <param name="CleanName">The cleaned name of the by-name item.</param>
+    private sealed record NameItem(Guid Id, string? Name, string? CleanName);
 }

Jellyfin.Server.Implementations/Item/ItemPersistenceService.cs

@@ -176,14 +176,6 @@ public class ItemPersistenceService : IItemPersistenceService
         var context = await _dbProvider.CreateDbContextAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
         await using (context.ConfigureAwait(false))
         {
-            if (!await context.BaseItems
-                .AnyAsync(bi => bi.Id == item.Id, cancellationToken)
-                .ConfigureAwait(false))
-            {
-                _logger.LogWarning("Unable to save ImageInfo for non existing BaseItem");
-                return;
-            }
-
             await context.BaseItemImageInfos
                 .Where(e => e.ItemId == item.Id)
                 .ExecuteDeleteAsync(cancellationToken)
@@ -193,7 +185,26 @@ public class ItemPersistenceService : IItemPersistenceService
                 .AddRangeAsync(images, cancellationToken)
                 .ConfigureAwait(false);
 
-            await context.SaveChangesAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            try
+            {
+                await context.SaveChangesAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            }
+            catch (DbUpdateException)
+            {
+                // Checking that the item exists before writing leaves a gap a scan can delete it
+                // through, turning the insert into a foreign key violation that fails the whole
+                // refresh instead of the no-op intended here. Let the insert be the check: it is the
+                // only point at which the answer cannot go stale. Nothing is orphaned by the delete
+                // above, because deleting the item cascades to its images anyway.
+                if (await context.BaseItems
+                    .AnyAsync(bi => bi.Id == item.Id, cancellationToken)
+                    .ConfigureAwait(false))
+                {
+                    throw;
+                }
+
+                _logger.LogWarning("Unable to save ImageInfo for non existing BaseItem {ItemId}", item.Id);
+            }
         }
     }
 

Jellyfin.Server/Migrations/JellyfinMigrationService.cs

@@ -183,7 +183,13 @@ internal class JellyfinMigrationService
         }
     }
 
-    public async Task MigrateStepAsync(JellyfinMigrationStageTypes stage, IServiceProvider? serviceProvider)
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Runs all pending migrations of the requested stage.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="stage">The stage to migrate.</param>
+    /// <param name="serviceProvider">The service provider handed to the migrations.</param>
+    /// <returns>A value indicating whether at least one migration has been applied.</returns>
+    public async Task<bool> MigrateStepAsync(JellyfinMigrationStageTypes stage, IServiceProvider serviceProvider)
     {
         var logger = _startupLogger.With(_loggerFactory.CreateLogger<JellyfinMigrationService>()).BeginGroup($"Migrate stage {stage}.");
         ICollection<CodeMigration> migrationStage = (Migrations.FirstOrDefault(e => e.Stage == stage) as ICollection<CodeMigration>) ?? [];
@@ -297,6 +303,8 @@ internal class JellyfinMigrationService
 
                 completedMigrations++;
             }
+
+            return completedMigrations > 0;
         }
     }
 
@@ -445,10 +453,10 @@ internal class JellyfinMigrationService
     private class InternalCodeMigration : IInternalMigration
     {
         private readonly CodeMigration _codeMigration;
-        private readonly IServiceProvider? _serviceProvider;
+        private readonly IServiceProvider _serviceProvider;
         private JellyfinDbContext _dbContext;
 
-        public InternalCodeMigration(CodeMigration codeMigration, IServiceProvider? serviceProvider, JellyfinDbContext dbContext)
+        public InternalCodeMigration(CodeMigration codeMigration, IServiceProvider serviceProvider, JellyfinDbContext dbContext)
         {
             _codeMigration = codeMigration;
             _serviceProvider = serviceProvider;

Jellyfin.Server/Migrations/Routines/20250618010000_MigrateLibraryUserData.cs

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ internal class MigrateLibraryUserData : IAsyncMigrationRoutine
     private readonly IDbContextFactory<JellyfinDbContext> _provider;
 
     public MigrateLibraryUserData(
-            IStartupLogger<MigrateLibraryDb> startupLogger,
+            IStartupLogger<MigrateLibraryUserData> startupLogger,
             IDbContextFactory<JellyfinDbContext> provider,
             IServerApplicationPaths paths)
     {

Jellyfin.Server/Migrations/Routines/20250730215000_ReseedFolderFlag.cs

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ internal class ReseedFolderFlag : IAsyncMigrationRoutine
     private readonly IDbContextFactory<JellyfinDbContext> _provider;
 
     public ReseedFolderFlag(
-            IStartupLogger<MigrateLibraryDb> startupLogger,
+            IStartupLogger<ReseedFolderFlag> startupLogger,
             IDbContextFactory<JellyfinDbContext> provider,
             IServerApplicationPaths paths)
     {

Jellyfin.Server/Migrations/Stages/CodeMigration.cs

@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@ using System.Threading;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 using Jellyfin.Server.ServerSetupApp;
 using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
-using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.Extensions;
-using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
 
 namespace Jellyfin.Server.Migrations.Stages;
 
@@ -22,66 +20,45 @@ internal class CodeMigration(Type migrationType, JellyfinMigrationAttribute meta
         return Metadata.Order.ToString("yyyyMMddHHmmsss", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture) + "_" + Metadata.Name!;
     }
 
-    private IServiceCollection MigrationServices(IServiceProvider serviceProvider, IStartupLogger logger)
+    public async Task Perform(IServiceProvider serviceProvider, IStartupLogger logger, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
     {
-        var childServiceCollection = new ServiceCollection()
-            .AddSingleton(serviceProvider)
-            .AddSingleton(logger)
-            .AddSingleton(typeof(IStartupLogger<>), typeof(NestedStartupLogger<>))
-            .AddSingleton<StartupLogTopic>(logger.Topic!);
-
-        foreach (ServiceDescriptor service in serviceProvider.GetRequiredService<IServiceCollection>())
-        {
-            if (service.Lifetime == ServiceLifetime.Singleton && !service.ServiceType.IsGenericTypeDefinition)
-            {
-                childServiceCollection.AddSingleton(service.ServiceType, _ => serviceProvider.GetService(service.ServiceType)!);
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            childServiceCollection.Add(service);
-        }
-
-        return childServiceCollection;
-    }
-
-    public async Task Perform(IServiceProvider? serviceProvider, IStartupLogger logger, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
-    {
-#pragma warning disable CS0618 // Type or member is obsolete
-        if (typeof(IMigrationRoutine).IsAssignableFrom(MigrationType))
-        {
-            if (serviceProvider is null)
-            {
-                ((IMigrationRoutine)Activator.CreateInstance(MigrationType)!).Perform();
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                using var migrationServices = MigrationServices(serviceProvider, logger).BuildServiceProvider();
-                ((IMigrationRoutine)ActivatorUtilities.CreateInstance(migrationServices, MigrationType)).Perform();
-#pragma warning restore CS0618 // Type or member is obsolete
-            }
-        }
-        else if (typeof(IAsyncMigrationRoutine).IsAssignableFrom(MigrationType))
-        {
-            if (serviceProvider is null)
-            {
-                await ((IAsyncMigrationRoutine)Activator.CreateInstance(MigrationType)!).PerformAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                using var migrationServices = MigrationServices(serviceProvider, logger).BuildServiceProvider();
-                await ((IAsyncMigrationRoutine)ActivatorUtilities.CreateInstance(migrationServices, MigrationType)).PerformAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
-            }
-        }
-        else
+        if (!IsMigrationRoutine(MigrationType))
         {
             throw new InvalidOperationException($"The type {MigrationType} does not implement either IMigrationRoutine or IAsyncMigrationRoutine and is not a valid migration type");
         }
-    }
 
-    private class NestedStartupLogger<TCategory> : StartupLogger<TCategory>
-    {
-        public NestedStartupLogger(ILogger logger, StartupLogTopic topic) : base(logger, topic)
+        // The routine runs against a scope of the applications own container. Copying the application service
+        // descriptors into a child container instead would make that child container the owner of every singleton it
+        // forwards, so disposing it after the migration would also dispose the applications own instance of services
+        // like the ProviderManager and leave the server broken until the next restart.
+        var scope = serviceProvider.CreateAsyncScope();
+        await using (scope.ConfigureAwait(false))
         {
+            // Nests everything the routine logs through an injected IStartupLogger under the migrations own topic.
+            using (StartupLogger.BeginAmbientTopic(logger.Topic))
+            {
+                await RunAsync(ActivatorUtilities.CreateInstance(scope.ServiceProvider, MigrationType), cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            }
         }
     }
+
+    // The obsolete IMigrationRoutine is still implemented by every routine that predates the async interface, so
+    // the members that have to touch it are grouped here behind a single suppression.
+#pragma warning disable CS0618 // Type or member is obsolete
+    private static bool IsMigrationRoutine(Type migrationType)
+    {
+        return typeof(IMigrationRoutine).IsAssignableFrom(migrationType) || typeof(IAsyncMigrationRoutine).IsAssignableFrom(migrationType);
+    }
+
+    private static async Task RunAsync(object routine, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        if (routine is IMigrationRoutine migrationRoutine)
+        {
+            migrationRoutine.Perform();
+            return;
+        }
+
+        await ((IAsyncMigrationRoutine)routine).PerformAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+    }
+#pragma warning restore CS0618 // Type or member is obsolete
 }

Jellyfin.Server/Program.cs

@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Server
         private static ILogger _logger = NullLogger.Instance;
         private static bool _restartOnShutdown;
         private static IStartupLogger<JellyfinMigrationService>? _migrationLogger;
+        private static bool _optimizeDatabaseAfterMigration;
         private static string? _restoreFromBackup;
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -180,9 +181,7 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Server
                     })
                     .ConfigureAppConfiguration(config => config.ConfigureAppConfiguration(options, appPaths, startupConfig))
                     .UseSerilog()
-                    .ConfigureServices(e => e
-                        .RegisterStartupLogger()
-                        .AddSingleton<IServiceCollection>(e))
+                    .ConfigureServices(e => e.RegisterStartupLogger())
                     .Build();
 
                 /*
@@ -209,14 +208,15 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Server
                 await jellyfinMigrationService.PrepareSystemForMigration(_logger).ConfigureAwait(false);
                 // "Preparing migrations" carries through the DB read; per-migration progress is reported
                 // as "Running migration X of Y" from inside the step once the pending set is known.
-                await jellyfinMigrationService.MigrateStepAsync(JellyfinMigrationStageTypes.CoreInitialisation, appHost.ServiceProvider).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                _optimizeDatabaseAfterMigration |= await jellyfinMigrationService.MigrateStepAsync(JellyfinMigrationStageTypes.CoreInitialisation, appHost.ServiceProvider).ConfigureAwait(false);
 
                 SetupServer.ReportActivity(StartupActivity.InitializingServices);
                 await appHost.InitializeServices(startupConfig).ConfigureAwait(false);
                 _appHost = appHost;
 
-                await jellyfinMigrationService.MigrateStepAsync(JellyfinMigrationStageTypes.AppInitialisation, appHost.ServiceProvider).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                _optimizeDatabaseAfterMigration |= await jellyfinMigrationService.MigrateStepAsync(JellyfinMigrationStageTypes.AppInitialisation, appHost.ServiceProvider).ConfigureAwait(false);
                 await jellyfinMigrationService.CleanupSystemAfterMigration(_logger).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                await OptimizeDatabaseAfterMigrationAsync(appHost.ServiceProvider).ConfigureAwait(false);
                 try
                 {
                     configurationCompleted = true;
@@ -271,12 +271,11 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Server
                 // Don't throw additional exception if startup failed.
                 if (appHost.ServiceProvider is not null)
                 {
-                    _logger.LogInformation("Running query planner optimizations in the database... This might take a while");
+                    _logger.LogInformation("Optimizing the database... This might take a while");
 
+                    // Deliberately untimed: a truncated optimization leaves the statistics incomplete.
                     var databaseProvider = appHost.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IJellyfinDatabaseProvider>();
-                    using var shutdownSource = new CancellationTokenSource();
-                    shutdownSource.CancelAfter((int)TimeSpan.FromSeconds(60).TotalMicroseconds);
-                    await databaseProvider.RunShutdownTask(shutdownSource.Token).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                    await databaseProvider.RunShutdownTask(CancellationToken.None).ConfigureAwait(false);
                 }
 
                 _appHost = null;
@@ -307,14 +306,13 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Server
                 .AddSingleton<ServerApplicationPaths>(appPaths)
                 .RegisterStartupLogger();
 
-            migrationStartupServiceProvider.AddSingleton(migrationStartupServiceProvider);
             var startupService = migrationStartupServiceProvider.BuildServiceProvider();
 
             PrepareDatabaseProvider(startupService);
 
             var jellyfinMigrationService = ActivatorUtilities.CreateInstance<JellyfinMigrationService>(startupService);
             await jellyfinMigrationService.CheckFirstTimeRunOrMigration(appPaths, startupOptions).ConfigureAwait(false);
-            await jellyfinMigrationService.MigrateStepAsync(Migrations.Stages.JellyfinMigrationStageTypes.PreInitialisation, startupService).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            _optimizeDatabaseAfterMigration |= await jellyfinMigrationService.MigrateStepAsync(Migrations.Stages.JellyfinMigrationStageTypes.PreInitialisation, startupService).ConfigureAwait(false);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -329,7 +327,32 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Server
         public static async Task ApplyCoreMigrationsAsync(IServiceProvider serviceProvider, Migrations.Stages.JellyfinMigrationStageTypes jellyfinMigrationStage)
         {
             var jellyfinMigrationService = ActivatorUtilities.CreateInstance<JellyfinMigrationService>(serviceProvider, _migrationLogger!);
-            await jellyfinMigrationService.MigrateStepAsync(jellyfinMigrationStage, serviceProvider).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            _optimizeDatabaseAfterMigration |= await jellyfinMigrationService.MigrateStepAsync(jellyfinMigrationStage, serviceProvider).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        }
+
+        private static async Task OptimizeDatabaseAfterMigrationAsync(IServiceProvider serviceProvider)
+        {
+            if (!_optimizeDatabaseAfterMigration)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // Reset first: a restart runs no migrations and must not optimize again.
+            _optimizeDatabaseAfterMigration = false;
+            SetupServer.ReportActivity(StartupActivity.OptimizingDatabase);
+            _logger.LogInformation("Migrations have been applied, optimizing the database... This might take a while");
+
+            try
+            {
+                // Deliberately untimed: incomplete statistics are worse than a slow start.
+                var databaseProvider = serviceProvider.GetRequiredService<IJellyfinDatabaseProvider>();
+                await databaseProvider.RunScheduledOptimisation(CancellationToken.None).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                // A missed optimization only costs performance, so never fail startup over this.
+                _logger.LogError(ex, "Error while optimizing the database after migration");
+            }
         }
 
         /// <summary>

Jellyfin.Server/ServerSetupApp/StartupActivity.cs

@@ -27,6 +27,9 @@ public static class StartupActivity
     /// <summary>Bringing up core services and plugins.</summary>
     public const string InitializingServices = "Initializing services";
 
+    /// <summary>Refreshing the database statistics after migrations have run.</summary>
+    public const string OptimizingDatabase = "Optimizing database";
+
     /// <summary>Running the final startup tasks.</summary>
     public const string FinishingStartup = "Finishing startup";
 

Jellyfin.Server/ServerSetupApp/StartupLogger.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using System;
 using System.Globalization;
+using System.Threading;
 using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
 using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging.Abstractions;
 
@@ -8,6 +9,8 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Server.ServerSetupApp;
 /// <inheritdoc/>
 public class StartupLogger : IStartupLogger
 {
+    private static readonly AsyncLocal<StartupLogTopic?> _ambientTopic = new();
+
     private readonly StartupLogTopic? _topic;
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -17,6 +20,7 @@ public class StartupLogger : IStartupLogger
     public StartupLogger(ILogger logger)
     {
         BaseLogger = logger;
+        _topic = _ambientTopic.Value;
     }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -39,6 +43,18 @@ public class StartupLogger : IStartupLogger
     /// </summary>
     protected ILogger BaseLogger { get; set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Makes <paramref name="topic"/> the topic that loggers created on this execution context attach to.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="topic">The topic to nest newly created loggers under.</param>
+    /// <returns>A scope that restores the previously ambient topic when disposed.</returns>
+    internal static IDisposable BeginAmbientTopic(StartupLogTopic? topic)
+    {
+        var scope = new AmbientTopicScope(_ambientTopic.Value);
+        _ambientTopic.Value = topic;
+        return scope;
+    }
+
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public IStartupLogger BeginGroup(FormattableString logEntry)
     {
@@ -121,4 +137,19 @@ public class StartupLogger : IStartupLogger
             Topic.Children.Add(startupEntry);
         }
     }
+
+    private sealed class AmbientTopicScope : IDisposable
+    {
+        private readonly StartupLogTopic? _previous;
+
+        public AmbientTopicScope(StartupLogTopic? previous)
+        {
+            _previous = previous;
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            _ambientTopic.Value = _previous;
+        }
+    }
 }

MediaBrowser.Controller/Entities/InternalItemsQuery.cs

@@ -432,12 +432,18 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.Entities
 
         public string? HasNoSubtitleTrackWithLanguage { get; set; }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets a value indicating whether to return only items nothing names any more.
+        /// </summary>
         public bool? IsDeadArtist { get; set; }
 
         public bool? IsDeadStudio { get; set; }
 
         public bool? IsDeadGenre { get; set; }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets a value indicating whether to return only items nothing names any more.
+        /// </summary>
         public bool? IsDeadPerson { get; set; }
 
         /// <summary>

MediaBrowser.Controller/Library/ILibraryManager.cs

@@ -106,6 +106,13 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.Library
         /// <returns>Task{Person}.</returns>
         Person? GetPerson(string name);
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a Person, creating and persisting it if no item exists for the name yet.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the person.</param>
+        /// <returns>The person.</returns>
+        Person GetOrCreatePerson(string name);
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Finds the by path.
         /// </summary>
@@ -152,15 +159,6 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.Library
         /// <exception cref="ArgumentOutOfRangeException">Throws if year is invalid.</exception>
         Year GetYear(int value);
 
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Validate and refresh the People sub-set of the IBN.
-        /// The items are stored in the db but not loaded into memory until actually requested by an operation.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="progress">The progress.</param>
-        /// <param name="cancellationToken">The cancellation token.</param>
-        /// <returns>Task.</returns>
-        Task ValidatePeopleAsync(IProgress<double> progress, CancellationToken cancellationToken);
-
         /// <summary>
         /// Reloads the root media folder.
         /// </summary>
@@ -709,6 +707,14 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.Library
         /// <returns><c>true</c> if ignored, <c>false</c> otherwise.</returns>
         bool IgnoreFile(FileSystemMetadata file, BaseItem parent);
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the id a <see cref="Person"/> item for the name would have, without looking it up
+        /// or creating it.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the person.</param>
+        /// <returns>The item id for the name.</returns>
+        Guid GetPersonId(string name);
+
         Guid GetStudioId(string name);
 
         Guid GetGenreId(string name);
@@ -753,6 +759,18 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.Library
         /// <returns>The item counts grouped by type.</returns>
         ItemCounts GetItemCountsForNameItem(BaseItemKind kind, Guid id, BaseItemKind[] relatedItemKinds, User? user);
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets item counts for several "by-name" items of the same kind. Kinds keyed by a cleaned
+        /// item value - artists, genres and studios - are answered in one set of queries for the
+        /// whole batch; the rest fall back to one query per item.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="kind">The kind of the name items.</param>
+        /// <param name="ids">The IDs of the name items.</param>
+        /// <param name="relatedItemKinds">The item kinds to count.</param>
+        /// <param name="user">The user for access filtering.</param>
+        /// <returns>The item counts of each requested id.</returns>
+        Dictionary<Guid, ItemCounts> GetItemCountsForNameItems(BaseItemKind kind, IReadOnlyList<Guid> ids, BaseItemKind[] relatedItemKinds, User? user);
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Batch-fetches child counts for multiple parent folders.
         /// Returns the count of immediate children (non-recursive) for each parent.

MediaBrowser.Controller/LibraryTaskScheduler/LimitedConcurrencyLibraryScheduler.cs

@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.LibraryTaskScheduler;
 /// </summary>
 public sealed class LimitedConcurrencyLibraryScheduler : ILimitedConcurrencyLibraryScheduler, IAsyncDisposable
 {
-    private const int CleanupGracePeriod = 60;
+    private static readonly TimeSpan _cleanupGracePeriod = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(60);
+
     private readonly IHostApplicationLifetime _hostApplicationLifetime;
     private readonly ILogger<LimitedConcurrencyLibraryScheduler> _logger;
     private readonly IServerConfigurationManager _serverConfigurationManager;
@@ -31,6 +32,8 @@ public sealed class LimitedConcurrencyLibraryScheduler : ILimitedConcurrencyLibr
     private readonly Lock _taskLock = new();
 
     private readonly Channel<TaskQueueItem> _tasks = Channel.CreateUnbounded<TaskQueueItem>();
+    private readonly CancellationTokenSource _disposeTokenSource = new();
+    private readonly TimeSpan _gracePeriod;
 
     private volatile int _workCounter;
     private Task? _cleanupTask;
@@ -46,10 +49,34 @@ public sealed class LimitedConcurrencyLibraryScheduler : ILimitedConcurrencyLibr
         IHostApplicationLifetime hostApplicationLifetime,
         ILogger<LimitedConcurrencyLibraryScheduler> logger,
         IServerConfigurationManager serverConfigurationManager)
+        : this(hostApplicationLifetime, logger, serverConfigurationManager, _cleanupGracePeriod)
+    {
+    }
+
+    internal LimitedConcurrencyLibraryScheduler(
+        IHostApplicationLifetime hostApplicationLifetime,
+        ILogger<LimitedConcurrencyLibraryScheduler> logger,
+        IServerConfigurationManager serverConfigurationManager,
+        TimeSpan gracePeriod)
     {
         _hostApplicationLifetime = hostApplicationLifetime;
         _logger = logger;
         _serverConfigurationManager = serverConfigurationManager;
+        _gracePeriod = gracePeriod;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the number of runners the scheduler currently keeps alive.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal int ActiveRunnerCount
+    {
+        get
+        {
+            lock (_taskLock)
+            {
+                return _taskRunners.Count;
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     private void ScheduleTaskCleanup()
@@ -68,31 +95,65 @@ public sealed class LimitedConcurrencyLibraryScheduler : ILimitedConcurrencyLibr
 
         async Task RunCleanupTask()
         {
-            _logger.LogDebug("Schedule cleanup task in {CleanupGracePerioid} sec.", CleanupGracePeriod);
-            await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(CleanupGracePeriod)).ConfigureAwait(false);
-            if (_disposed)
+            while (true)
             {
-                _logger.LogDebug("Abort cleaning up, already disposed.");
-                return;
-            }
-
-            lock (_taskLock)
-            {
-                if (_tasks.Reader.Count > 0 || _workCounter > 0)
+                _logger.LogDebug("Schedule cleanup task in {CleanupGracePeriod}.", _gracePeriod);
+                try
                 {
-                    _logger.LogDebug("Delay cleanup task, operations still running.");
-                    // tasks are still there so its still in use. Reschedule cleanup task.
-                    // we cannot just exit here and rely on the other invoker because there is a considerable timeframe where it could have already ended.
-                    _cleanupTask = RunCleanupTask();
+                    await Task.Delay(_gracePeriod, _disposeTokenSource.Token).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                }
+                catch (OperationCanceledException)
+                {
+                    _logger.LogDebug("Abort cleaning up, already disposed.");
                     return;
                 }
-            }
 
-            _logger.LogDebug("Cleanup runners.");
-            foreach (var item in _taskRunners.ToArray())
+                if (_disposed)
+                {
+                    _logger.LogDebug("Abort cleaning up, already disposed.");
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                CancellationTokenSource[] runners;
+                lock (_taskLock)
+                {
+                    if (_tasks.Reader.Count > 0 || _workCounter > 0)
+                    {
+                        _logger.LogDebug("Delay cleanup task, operations still running.");
+                        // tasks are still there so its still in use. Wait another grace period.
+                        // we cannot just exit here and rely on the other invoker because there is a considerable timeframe where it could have already ended.
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    runners = [.. _taskRunners.Keys];
+
+                    // Retire the runners before they are told to stop: an operation starting while
+                    // they wind down must spawn its own instead of counting these towards the fanout.
+                    _taskRunners.Clear();
+
+                    // Hand the next operation the ability to schedule a cleanup again. Without this
+                    // the very first cleanup would be the only one that ever runs.
+                    _cleanupTask = null;
+                }
+
+                _logger.LogDebug("Cleanup runners.");
+                await StopRunners(runners).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static async Task StopRunners(CancellationTokenSource[] runners)
+    {
+        foreach (var runner in runners)
+        {
+            try
             {
-                await item.Key.CancelAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
-                _taskRunners.Remove(item.Key);
+                await runner.CancelAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
+            }
+            catch (ObjectDisposedException)
+            {
+                // The runner already stopped on its own and disposed its stop source.
             }
         }
     }
@@ -127,12 +188,17 @@ public sealed class LimitedConcurrencyLibraryScheduler : ILimitedConcurrencyLibr
             {
                 var stopToken = new CancellationTokenSource();
                 var combinedSource = CancellationTokenSource.CreateLinkedTokenSource(stopToken.Token, _hostApplicationLifetime.ApplicationStopping);
+
+                // Keyed on its own stop source, because cancelling that is what reaches the linked
+                // source the runner waits on. Cancellation does not travel the other way.
+                // Started without the runner's own token: a task cancelled before it is scheduled
+                // never runs its body, so it would never take itself out of _taskRunners again.
                 _taskRunners.Add(
-                    combinedSource,
+                    stopToken,
                     Task.Factory.StartNew(
                         ItemWorker,
-                        (combinedSource, stopToken),
-                        combinedSource.Token,
+                        (stopToken, combinedSource),
+                        CancellationToken.None,
                         TaskCreationOptions.PreferFairness,
                         TaskScheduler.Default));
             }
@@ -145,7 +211,7 @@ public sealed class LimitedConcurrencyLibraryScheduler : ILimitedConcurrencyLibr
         _deadlockDetector.Value = stopToken.TaskStop;
         try
         {
-            while (!stopToken.GlobalStop.Token.IsCancellationRequested)
+            while (!stopToken.GlobalStop.IsCancellationRequested)
             {
                 var item = await _tasks.Reader.ReadAsync(stopToken.GlobalStop.Token).ConfigureAwait(false);
                 try
@@ -162,15 +228,24 @@ public sealed class LimitedConcurrencyLibraryScheduler : ILimitedConcurrencyLibr
                 }
             }
         }
-        catch (OperationCanceledException) when (stopToken.TaskStop.IsCancellationRequested)
+        catch (OperationCanceledException) when (stopToken.GlobalStop.IsCancellationRequested)
         {
             // thats how you do it, interupt the waiter thread. There is nothing to do here when it was on purpose.
         }
+        catch (ChannelClosedException)
+        {
+            // the scheduler was disposed and will not hand out any more work.
+        }
         finally
         {
             _logger.LogDebug("Cleanup Runner'.");
             _deadlockDetector.Value = default!;
-            _taskRunners.Remove(stopToken.TaskStop);
+
+            lock (_taskLock)
+            {
+                _taskRunners.Remove(stopToken.TaskStop);
+            }
+
             stopToken.GlobalStop.Dispose();
             stopToken.TaskStop.Dispose();
         }
@@ -195,7 +270,7 @@ public sealed class LimitedConcurrencyLibraryScheduler : ILimitedConcurrencyLibr
         finally
         {
             item.Progress.Report(100);
-            item.Done.SetResult();
+            item.Done.TrySetResult();
         }
     }
 
@@ -285,16 +360,33 @@ public sealed class LimitedConcurrencyLibraryScheduler : ILimitedConcurrencyLibr
 
         _disposed = true;
         _tasks.Writer.Complete();
-        foreach (var item in _taskRunners)
+
+        // Nobody is left to run these, so release whoever is waiting on them.
+        while (_tasks.Reader.TryRead(out var item))
         {
-            await item.Key.CancelAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
+            item.Done.TrySetResult();
         }
 
-        if (_cleanupTask is not null)
+        CancellationTokenSource[] runners;
+        Task? cleanupTask;
+        lock (_taskLock)
         {
-            await _cleanupTask.ConfigureAwait(false);
-            _cleanupTask?.Dispose();
+            runners = [.. _taskRunners.Keys];
+            _taskRunners.Clear();
+            cleanupTask = _cleanupTask;
         }
+
+        await StopRunners(runners).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        // Cuts the grace period short instead of holding up shutdown for the rest of it.
+        await _disposeTokenSource.CancelAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        if (cleanupTask is not null)
+        {
+            await cleanupTask.ConfigureAwait(false);
+        }
+
+        _disposeTokenSource.Dispose();
     }
 
     private class TaskQueueItem

MediaBrowser.Controller/MediaBrowser.Controller.csproj

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
   </PropertyGroup>
 
   <ItemGroup>
-    <PackageReference Include="BitFaster.Caching" />
     <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration.Binder" />
   </ItemGroup>
 

MediaBrowser.Controller/MediaEncoding/EncodingHelper.cs

@@ -442,7 +442,8 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.MediaEncoding
                    && (state.VideoStream.VideoRangeType == VideoRangeType.HDR10
                        || IsHdr10Plus(state.VideoStream)
                        || IsDoviWithHdr10Bl(state.VideoStream)
-                       || state.VideoStream.VideoRangeType == VideoRangeType.HLG);
+                       || state.VideoStream.VideoRangeType == VideoRangeType.HLG
+                       || state.VideoStream.VideoRangeType == VideoRangeType.DOVIInvalid);
         }
 
         private static bool IsDeinterlaceAvailable(EncodingJobInfo state)
@@ -695,7 +696,11 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.MediaEncoding
                 "ogg" or "oga" or "ogv" or "webm" or "webma" => "opus",
                 "m4a" or "m4b" or "mp4" or "mov" or "mkv" or "mka" => "aac",
                 "ts" or "avi" or "flv" or "f4v" or "swf" => "mp3",
-                _ => inferredCodec
+                // Containers that share their name with the codec they carry.
+                "aac" or "ac3" or "alac" or "dts" or "eac3" or "flac" or "mp2" or "mp3" or "opus" or "truehd" or "vorbis" => inferredCodec,
+                // Anything else - manifests such as m3u8/mpd in particular - names a container that
+                // is not an audio codec. Never hand that name to ffmpeg as an encoder.
+                _ => "aac"
             };
         }
 
@@ -1386,7 +1391,8 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.MediaEncoding
                 or VideoRangeType.DOVIWithEL
                 or VideoRangeType.DOVIWithHDR10Plus
                 or VideoRangeType.DOVIWithELHDR10Plus
-                or VideoRangeType.DOVIInvalid;
+                || (rangeType == VideoRangeType.DOVIInvalid
+                    && string.Equals(stream.ColorTransfer, "smpte2084", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)); // invalid may be hlg now
         }
 
         public static bool IsDovi(MediaStream stream)
@@ -1396,7 +1402,8 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.MediaEncoding
             return IsDoviWithHdr10Bl(stream)
                    || (rangeType is VideoRangeType.DOVI
                        or VideoRangeType.DOVIWithHLG
-                       or VideoRangeType.DOVIWithSDR);
+                       or VideoRangeType.DOVIWithSDR
+                       or VideoRangeType.DOVIInvalid);
         }
 
         public static bool IsHdr10Plus(MediaStream stream)
@@ -1416,7 +1423,8 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.MediaEncoding
         private static DynamicHdrMetadataRemovalPlan ShouldRemoveDynamicHdrMetadata(EncodingJobInfo state)
         {
             var videoStream = state.VideoStream;
-            if (videoStream.VideoRange is not VideoRange.HDR)
+            if (videoStream.VideoRange is not VideoRange.HDR
+                && videoStream.VideoRangeType != VideoRangeType.DOVIInvalid)
             {
                 return DynamicHdrMetadataRemovalPlan.None;
             }
@@ -6311,7 +6319,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.MediaEncoding
                         string.Join(',', overlayFilters));
 
                 var mapPrefix = Convert.ToInt32(state.SubtitleStream.IsExternal);
-                var subtitleStreamIndex = FindIndex(state.MediaSource.MediaStreams, state.SubtitleStream);
+                var subtitleStreamIndex = GetSubtitleStreamIndexForFfmpeg(state.MediaSource, state.SubtitleStream);
                 var videoStreamIndex = FindIndex(state.MediaSource.MediaStreams, state.VideoStream);
 
                 if (hasSubs)
@@ -7943,6 +7951,24 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.MediaEncoding
             return -1;
         }
 
+        public static int GetSubtitleStreamIndexForFfmpeg(MediaSourceInfo mediaSource, MediaStream subtitleStream)
+        {
+            var index = FindIndex(mediaSource.MediaStreams, subtitleStream);
+            if (index == -1 || subtitleStream.IsExternal || mediaSource.VideoType != VideoType.BluRay)
+            {
+                return index;
+            }
+
+            var hiddenStreamsBefore = mediaSource.MediaStreams.Count(s =>
+                s.Type == MediaStreamType.Audio
+                && !s.IsExternal
+                && (string.Equals(s.Codec, "truehd", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+                    || string.Equals(s.Codec, "atmos", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                && s.Index < subtitleStream.Index);
+
+            return index + hiddenStreamsBefore;
+        }
+
         public static bool IsCopyCodec(string codec)
         {
             return string.Equals(codec, "copy", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);

MediaBrowser.Controller/Persistence/IItemCountService.cs

@@ -36,6 +36,18 @@ public interface IItemCountService
     /// <returns>The item counts grouped by type.</returns>
     ItemCounts GetItemCountsForNameItem(BaseItemKind kind, Guid id, BaseItemKind[] relatedItemKinds, InternalItemsQuery accessFilter);
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets item counts for several "by-name" items of the same kind. Kinds keyed by a cleaned
+    /// item value - artists, genres and studios - are answered in one set of queries for the whole
+    /// batch; the rest fall back to one query per id.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="kind">The kind of the name items.</param>
+    /// <param name="ids">The IDs of the name items.</param>
+    /// <param name="relatedItemKinds">The item kinds to count.</param>
+    /// <param name="accessFilter">A pre-configured query with user access filtering settings.</param>
+    /// <returns>The item counts of each requested id.</returns>
+    Dictionary<Guid, ItemCounts> GetItemCountsForNameItems(BaseItemKind kind, IReadOnlyList<Guid> ids, BaseItemKind[] relatedItemKinds, InternalItemsQuery accessFilter);
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets the count of played items that are descendants of the specified ancestor.
     /// </summary>

MediaBrowser.Controller/Providers/DirectoryService.cs

@@ -5,13 +5,19 @@ using System.Collections.Concurrent;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.IO;
 using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading;
 using MediaBrowser.Model.IO;
 
 namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.Providers
 {
     public class DirectoryService : IDirectoryService
     {
-        // TODO make static and switch to FastConcurrentLru.
+        // TODO replace with one shared bounded cache.
+        private const int MaxCachedRecords = 100_000;
+        private const int AccessIntervalMs = 1_000;
+        // Timeout cache if no access for 5 minutes.
+        private const int IdleTimeoutMs = 5 * 60 * 1_000;
+
         private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, FileSystemMetadata[]> _cache = new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
 
         private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, FileSystemMetadata> _fileCache = new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
@@ -20,6 +26,12 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.Providers
 
         private readonly IFileSystem _fileSystem;
 
+        // ConcurrentDictionary.Count locks the dictionary, so keep an estimated counter.
+        // Concurrent factory runs can overcount and a clear racing an add can undercount,
+        // it only has to be roughly right.
+        private int _recordCount;
+        private long _lastAccess = Environment.TickCount64;
+
         public DirectoryService(IFileSystem fileSystem)
         {
             _fileSystem = fileSystem;
@@ -27,20 +39,26 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.Providers
 
         public FileSystemMetadata[] GetFileSystemEntries(string path)
         {
+            DropCacheIfIdleOrFull();
+
             return _cache.GetOrAdd(
                 path,
-                static (p, fileSystem) =>
+                static (p, state) =>
                 {
+                    FileSystemMetadata[] entries;
                     try
                     {
-                        return fileSystem.GetFileSystemEntries(p).ToArray();
+                        entries = state.FileSystem.GetFileSystemEntries(p).ToArray();
                     }
                     catch (DirectoryNotFoundException)
                     {
-                        return [];
+                        entries = [];
                     }
+
+                    Interlocked.Add(ref state.Service._recordCount, entries.Length + 1);
+                    return entries;
                 },
-                _fileSystem);
+                (FileSystem: _fileSystem, Service: this));
         }
 
         public List<FileSystemMetadata> GetDirectories(string path)
@@ -89,13 +107,18 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.Providers
 
         public FileSystemMetadata? GetFileSystemEntry(string path)
         {
+            DropCacheIfIdleOrFull();
+
             if (!_fileCache.TryGetValue(path, out var result))
             {
                 var file = _fileSystem.GetFileSystemInfo(path);
                 if (file?.Exists ?? false)
                 {
                     result = file;
-                    _fileCache.TryAdd(path, result);
+                    if (_fileCache.TryAdd(path, result))
+                    {
+                        Interlocked.Increment(ref _recordCount);
+                    }
                 }
             }
 
@@ -107,32 +130,96 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.Providers
 
         public IReadOnlyList<string> GetFilePaths(string path, bool clearCache)
         {
-            if (clearCache)
+            if (clearCache && _filePathCache.TryRemove(path, out var cached))
             {
-                _filePathCache.TryRemove(path, out _);
+                Interlocked.Add(ref _recordCount, -(cached.Count + 1));
             }
 
+            DropCacheIfIdleOrFull();
+
             var filePaths = _filePathCache.GetOrAdd(
                 path,
-                static (p, fileSystem) =>
+                static (p, state) =>
                 {
+                    List<string> filePaths;
                     try
                     {
-                        return fileSystem.GetFilePaths(p).OrderBy(x => x).ToList();
+                        filePaths = state.FileSystem.GetFilePaths(p).OrderBy(x => x).ToList();
                     }
                     catch (DirectoryNotFoundException)
                     {
-                        return [];
+                        filePaths = [];
                     }
+
+                    Interlocked.Add(ref state.Service._recordCount, filePaths.Count + 1);
+                    return filePaths;
                 },
-                _fileSystem);
+                (FileSystem: _fileSystem, Service: this));
 
             return filePaths;
         }
 
+        public void Invalidate(string path)
+        {
+            Forget(path);
+
+            var parent = Path.GetDirectoryName(path);
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(parent))
+            {
+                Forget(parent);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Move(string source, string destination)
+        {
+            Directory.Move(source, destination);
+
+            Invalidate(source);
+            Invalidate(destination);
+        }
+
         public bool IsAccessible(string path)
         {
             return _fileSystem.GetFileSystemEntryPaths(path).Any();
         }
+
+        private void DropCacheIfIdleOrFull()
+        {
+            var nowMs = Environment.TickCount64;
+            var idleMs = nowMs - _lastAccess;
+
+            if (idleMs >= IdleTimeoutMs || _recordCount >= MaxCachedRecords)
+            {
+                _cache.Clear();
+                _fileCache.Clear();
+                _filePathCache.Clear();
+                _recordCount = 0;
+                _lastAccess = nowMs;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (idleMs >= AccessIntervalMs)
+            {
+                _lastAccess = nowMs;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void Forget(string path)
+        {
+            if (_cache.TryRemove(path, out var entries))
+            {
+                Interlocked.Add(ref _recordCount, -(entries.Length + 1));
+            }
+
+            if (_fileCache.TryRemove(path, out _))
+            {
+                Interlocked.Decrement(ref _recordCount);
+            }
+
+            if (_filePathCache.TryRemove(path, out var filePaths))
+            {
+                Interlocked.Add(ref _recordCount, -(filePaths.Count + 1));
+            }
+        }
     }
 }

MediaBrowser.Controller/Providers/IDirectoryService.cs

@@ -23,6 +23,19 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.Providers
 
         IReadOnlyList<string> GetFilePaths(string path, bool clearCache);
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Forgets what is cached about a path and about the directory containing it.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The file or directory path that changed.</param>
+        void Invalidate(string path);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Moves a directory and forgets what is cached about both paths.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="source">The directory to move.</param>
+        /// <param name="destination">The path to move the directory to.</param>
+        void Move(string source, string destination);
+
         bool IsAccessible(string path);
     }
 }

MediaBrowser.Controller/SyncPlay/GroupStates/WaitingGroupState.cs

@@ -501,7 +501,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.SyncPlay.GroupStates
                     {
                         // Client, that was buffering, resumed playback but did not update others in time.
                         delayTicks = context.GetHighestPing() * 2 * TimeSpan.TicksPerMillisecond;
-                        delayTicks = Math.Max(delayTicks, context.DefaultPing);
+                        delayTicks = Math.Max(delayTicks, TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(context.DefaultPing).Ticks);
 
                         context.LastActivity = currentTime.AddTicks(delayTicks);
 

MediaBrowser.Controller/SyncPlay/Queue/PlayQueueManager.cs

@@ -157,7 +157,10 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.SyncPlay.Queue
         /// </summary>
         public void RestoreSortedPlaylist()
         {
-            if (PlayingItemIndex != NoPlayingItemIndex)
+            // The shuffled playlist is only populated while the shuffle mode is active, so there is
+            // nothing to map back when the playlist is already sorted. Guarding on its contents keeps
+            // a redundant request for the sorted mode from indexing an empty list.
+            if (PlayingItemIndex != NoPlayingItemIndex && _shuffledPlaylist.Count > 0)
             {
                 var playingItem = _shuffledPlaylist[PlayingItemIndex];
                 PlayingItemIndex = _sortedPlaylist.IndexOf(playingItem);

MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/BdInfo/BdInfoExaminer.cs

@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ public class BdInfoExaminer : IBlurayExaminer
         if (playlist.StreamClips is not null && playlist.StreamClips.Count > 0)
         {
             // Get the files in the playlist
-            outputStream.Files = playlist.StreamClips.Select(i => i.StreamFile.FileInfo.FullName).ToArray();
+            outputStream.Files = playlist.StreamClips.Where(i => i.AngleIndex == 0).Select(i => i.StreamFile.FileInfo.FullName).ToArray();
         }
 
         return outputStream;

MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Encoder/MediaEncoder.cs

@@ -1152,6 +1152,11 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Encoder
                 {
                     process.Process.PriorityClass = ProcessPriorityClass.BelowNormal;
                 }
+                catch (InvalidOperationException)
+                {
+                    // The process finished before its priority could be lowered. That says nothing
+                    // about whether the platform allows it, so keep the capability for the next one.
+                }
                 catch (Exception ex)
                 {
                     _canSetProcessPriority = false;
@@ -1361,12 +1366,20 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Encoder
             return _configurationManager.GetEncodingOptions().EnableSubtitleExtraction;
         }
 
-        private sealed class ProcessWrapper : IDisposable
+        internal sealed class ProcessWrapper : IDisposable
         {
             private readonly MediaEncoder _mediaEncoder;
 
+            // The exit event is raised on the thread pool, so it writes the state below while the
+            // caller that started the process is reading it.
+            private readonly Lock _exitLock = new();
+
             private bool _disposed = false;
 
+            private bool _hasExited;
+
+            private int? _exitCode;
+
             public ProcessWrapper(Process process, MediaEncoder mediaEncoder)
             {
                 Process = process;
@@ -1376,49 +1389,84 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Encoder
 
             public Process Process { get; }
 
-            public bool HasExited { get; private set; }
+            // The exit event can lag behind the wait that returned, so ask the process rather than
+            // report one that has exited as still running.
+            public bool HasExited => ReadExitState().HasExited;
 
-            public int? ExitCode { get; private set; }
+            // As above: rather than report no exit code for a process that has one.
+            public int? ExitCode => ReadExitState().ExitCode;
+
+            private (bool HasExited, int? ExitCode) ReadExitState()
+            {
+                lock (_exitLock)
+                {
+                    if (!_hasExited && !_disposed)
+                    {
+                        try
+                        {
+                            if (Process.HasExited)
+                            {
+                                _hasExited = true;
+                                _exitCode = Process.ExitCode;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        catch (InvalidOperationException)
+                        {
+                            // No process is associated with this object, or it was disposed from
+                            // under us - ObjectDisposedException derives from this one.
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    return (_hasExited, _exitCode);
+                }
+            }
 
             private void OnProcessExited(object sender, EventArgs e)
             {
                 var process = (Process)sender;
 
-                HasExited = true;
+                lock (_exitLock)
+                {
+                    _hasExited = true;
 
-                try
-                {
-                    ExitCode = process.ExitCode;
-                }
-                catch
-                {
+                    try
+                    {
+                        _exitCode = process.ExitCode;
+                    }
+                    catch
+                    {
+                    }
                 }
 
-                DisposeProcess(process);
+                // Only stop tracking it. The caller that started the process still holds it to read
+                // its output and its exit code, so disposing it here handed whoever was quickest to
+                // exit - an ffprobe on a file it rejects outright - an ObjectDisposedException.
+                Untrack();
             }
 
-            private void DisposeProcess(Process process)
+            private void Untrack()
             {
                 lock (_mediaEncoder._runningProcessesLock)
                 {
                     _mediaEncoder._runningProcesses.Remove(this);
                 }
-
-                process.Dispose();
             }
 
             public void Dispose()
             {
-                if (!_disposed)
+                lock (_exitLock)
                 {
-                    if (Process is not null)
+                    if (_disposed)
                     {
-                        Process.Exited -= OnProcessExited;
-                        DisposeProcess(Process);
+                        return;
                     }
+
+                    _disposed = true;
                 }
 
-                _disposed = true;
+                Process.Exited -= OnProcessExited;
+                Untrack();
+                Process.Dispose();
             }
         }
     }

MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Subtitles/SubtitleEncoder.cs

@@ -649,7 +649,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Subtitles
             List<MediaStream> subtitleStreams,
             CancellationToken cancellationToken)
         {
-            var inputPath = _mediaEncoder.GetInputArgument(mediaSource.Path, mediaSource);
+            var inputPath = _mediaEncoder.GetInputPathArgument(mediaSource.Path, mediaSource);
             var outputPaths = new List<string>();
             var args = string.Format(
                 CultureInfo.InvariantCulture,
@@ -673,7 +673,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Subtitles
                 var outputCodec = IsCodecCopyable(subtitleStream.Codec) ? "copy" : "srt";
                 // FFmpeg does not provide an .idx/.sub muxer, so VobSub streams must be written as MKS files.
                 var outputFormatOption = MediaStream.IsVobSubFormat(subtitleStream.Codec) ? " -f matroska" : string.Empty;
-                var streamIndex = EncodingHelper.FindIndex(mediaSource.MediaStreams, subtitleStream);
+                var streamIndex = EncodingHelper.GetSubtitleStreamIndexForFfmpeg(mediaSource, subtitleStream);
 
                 if (streamIndex == -1)
                 {

MediaBrowser.Model/Dlna/StreamBuilder.cs

@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Model.Dlna
         internal const TranscodeReason VideoReasons = TranscodeReason.VideoCodecNotSupported | VideoCodecReasons;
         internal const TranscodeReason DirectStreamReasons = AudioReasons | TranscodeReason.ContainerNotSupported | TranscodeReason.VideoCodecTagNotSupported;
 
+        private const string ManifestContainers = "hls,applehttp,dash";
+
         private readonly ILogger _logger;
         private readonly ITranscoderSupport _transcoderSupport;
         private static readonly string[] _supportedHlsVideoCodecs = ["h264", "hevc", "vp9", "av1"];
@@ -718,6 +720,14 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Model.Dlna
                 isEligibleForDirectPlay = false;
             }
 
+            // A manifest is not a byte stream, so it cannot be handed to the client as one. The variant
+            // and segment URIs inside it are relative to the origin and do not resolve against the
+            // Jellyfin url the client would fetch it from.
+            if (ContainerHelper.ContainsContainer(ManifestContainers, item.Container))
+            {
+                isEligibleForDirectPlay = false;
+            }
+
             if (bitrateLimitExceeded)
             {
                 transcodeReasons = TranscodeReason.ContainerBitrateExceedsLimit;

MediaBrowser.Model/Entities/MediaStream.cs

@@ -810,6 +810,11 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Model.Entities
                 return (VideoRange.Unknown, VideoRangeType.Unknown);
             }
 
+            var isPq = string.Equals(ColorTransfer, "smpte2084", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+            var isHlg = string.Equals(ColorTransfer, "arib-std-b67", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+            // Invalid DV only retains HDR when the base layer explicitly signals PQ or HLG.
+            var baseVideoRange = isPq || isHlg ? VideoRange.HDR : VideoRange.SDR;
+
             var codecTag = CodecTag;
             var dvProfile = DvProfile;
             var rpuPresentFlag = RpuPresentFlag == 1;
@@ -834,7 +839,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Model.Entities
                         4 => (VideoRange.HDR, VideoRangeType.DOVIWithHLG),
                         2 => (VideoRange.SDR, VideoRangeType.DOVIWithSDR),
                         // Out of Dolby Spec files should be marked as invalid
-                        _ => (VideoRange.HDR, VideoRangeType.DOVIInvalid)
+                        _ => (baseVideoRange, VideoRangeType.DOVIInvalid)
                     },
                     7 => (VideoRange.HDR, VideoRangeType.DOVIWithEL),
                     10 => dvBlCompatId switch
@@ -844,11 +849,26 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Model.Entities
                         2 => (VideoRange.SDR, VideoRangeType.DOVIWithSDR),
                         4 => (VideoRange.HDR, VideoRangeType.DOVIWithHLG),
                         // Out of Dolby Spec files should be marked as invalid
-                        _ => (VideoRange.HDR, VideoRangeType.DOVIInvalid)
+                        _ => (baseVideoRange, VideoRangeType.DOVIInvalid)
                     },
                     _ => (VideoRange.SDR, VideoRangeType.SDR)
                 };
 
+                var expectedTransfer = dvRangeSet.Item2 switch
+                {
+                    VideoRangeType.DOVIWithHDR10 or VideoRangeType.DOVIWithEL => "smpte2084",
+                    VideoRangeType.DOVIWithHLG => "arib-std-b67",
+                    _ => null
+                };
+
+                if (expectedTransfer is not null
+                    && (!string.Equals(ColorSpace, "bt2020nc", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+                        || !string.Equals(ColorTransfer, expectedTransfer, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+                        || !string.Equals(ColorPrimaries, "bt2020", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)))
+                {
+                    return (baseVideoRange, VideoRangeType.DOVIInvalid);
+                }
+
                 if (Hdr10PlusPresentFlag == true)
                 {
                     return dvRangeSet.Item2 switch
@@ -862,13 +882,11 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Model.Entities
                 return dvRangeSet;
             }
 
-            var colorTransfer = ColorTransfer;
-
-            if (string.Equals(colorTransfer, "smpte2084", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            if (isPq)
             {
                 return Hdr10PlusPresentFlag == true ? (VideoRange.HDR, VideoRangeType.HDR10Plus) : (VideoRange.HDR, VideoRangeType.HDR10);
             }
-            else if (string.Equals(colorTransfer, "arib-std-b67", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            else if (isHlg)
             {
                 return (VideoRange.HDR, VideoRangeType.HLG);
             }

MediaBrowser.Providers/Lyric/LyricManager.cs

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ public class LyricManager : ILyricManager
     private readonly IFileSystem _fileSystem;
     private readonly ILibraryMonitor _libraryMonitor;
     private readonly IMediaSourceManager _mediaSourceManager;
+    private readonly IDirectoryService _directoryService;
 
     private readonly ILyricProvider[] _lyricProviders;
     private readonly ILyricParser[] _lyricParsers;
@@ -43,6 +44,7 @@ public class LyricManager : ILyricManager
     /// <param name="fileSystem">Instance of the <see cref="IFileSystem"/> interface.</param>
     /// <param name="libraryMonitor">Instance of the <see cref="ILibraryMonitor"/> interface.</param>
     /// <param name="mediaSourceManager">Instance of the <see cref="IMediaSourceManager"/> interface.</param>
+    /// <param name="directoryService">Instance of the <see cref="IDirectoryService"/> interface.</param>
     /// <param name="lyricProviders">The list of <see cref="ILyricProvider"/>.</param>
     /// <param name="lyricParsers">The list of <see cref="ILyricParser"/>.</param>
     public LyricManager(
@@ -50,6 +52,7 @@ public class LyricManager : ILyricManager
         IFileSystem fileSystem,
         ILibraryMonitor libraryMonitor,
         IMediaSourceManager mediaSourceManager,
+        IDirectoryService directoryService,
         IEnumerable<ILyricProvider> lyricProviders,
         IEnumerable<ILyricParser> lyricParsers)
     {
@@ -57,6 +60,7 @@ public class LyricManager : ILyricManager
         _fileSystem = fileSystem;
         _libraryMonitor = libraryMonitor;
         _mediaSourceManager = mediaSourceManager;
+        _directoryService = directoryService;
         _lyricProviders = lyricProviders
             .OrderBy(i => i is IHasOrder hasOrder ? hasOrder.Order : 0)
             .ToArray();
@@ -250,6 +254,8 @@ public class LyricManager : ILyricManager
             {
                 _libraryMonitor.ReportFileSystemChangeComplete(path, false);
             }
+
+            _directoryService.Invalidate(path);
         }
 
         return audio.RefreshMetadata(CancellationToken.None);
@@ -446,6 +452,8 @@ public class LyricManager : ILyricManager
                     await stream.CopyToAsync(fs).ConfigureAwait(false);
                 }
 
+                _directoryService.Invalidate(savePath);
+
                 return;
             }
             catch (Exception ex)

MediaBrowser.Providers/Manager/ProviderManager.cs

@@ -1143,16 +1143,21 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Manager
                 return;
             }
 
-            _refreshQueue.Enqueue((itemId, options), priority);
-
+            // PriorityQueue is not thread safe and the processor dequeues concurrently, so every
+            // touch of the queue takes the lock.
             lock (_refreshQueueLock)
             {
-                if (!_isProcessingRefreshQueue)
+                _refreshQueue.Enqueue((itemId, options), priority);
+
+                if (_isProcessingRefreshQueue)
                 {
-                    _isProcessingRefreshQueue = true;
-                    Task.Run(StartProcessingRefreshQueue);
+                    return;
                 }
+
+                _isProcessingRefreshQueue = true;
             }
+
+            Task.Run(StartProcessingRefreshQueue);
         }
 
         private async Task StartProcessingRefreshQueue()
@@ -1161,17 +1166,33 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Manager
 
             if (_disposed)
             {
+                lock (_refreshQueueLock)
+                {
+                    _isProcessingRefreshQueue = false;
+                }
+
                 return;
             }
 
             var cancellationToken = _disposeCancellationTokenSource.Token;
 
             libraryManager.ClearIgnoreRuleCache();
-            while (_refreshQueue.TryDequeue(out var refreshItem, out _))
+
+            while (true)
             {
-                if (_disposed)
+                (Guid ItemId, MetadataRefreshOptions RefreshOptions) refreshItem;
+
+                // Dequeueing and standing down happen under one lock, otherwise a refresh queued
+                // just after the queue ran dry would see a processor that has already stopped.
+                lock (_refreshQueueLock)
                 {
-                    return;
+                    if (_disposed
+                        || cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested
+                        || !_refreshQueue.TryDequeue(out refreshItem, out _))
+                    {
+                        _isProcessingRefreshQueue = false;
+                        break;
+                    }
                 }
 
                 try
@@ -1188,19 +1209,21 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Manager
 
                     await task.ConfigureAwait(false);
                 }
-                catch (OperationCanceledException)
+                catch (OperationCanceledException) when (cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
                 {
-                    break;
+                    // Shutting down: the next pass sees the token and stands the processor down.
+                    continue;
                 }
                 catch (Exception ex)
                 {
+                    // Includes a provider that cancelled for its own reasons, such as an HTTP
+                    // timeout, which must not stop the queue draining.
                     _logger.LogError(ex, "Error refreshing item");
                 }
             }
 
-            lock (_refreshQueueLock)
+            if (!_disposed)
             {
-                _isProcessingRefreshQueue = false;
                 libraryManager.ClearIgnoreRuleCache();
             }
         }

MediaBrowser.Providers/MediaInfo/MediaInfoResolver.cs

@@ -231,10 +231,28 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.MediaInfo
                 return Array.Empty<ExternalPathParserResult>();
             }
 
+            // VobSub .sub payloads only carry per-track language metadata when read via
+            // their paired .idx file, so probe the .idx instead and skip the .sub. Pairing
+            // requires the same directory (ffprobe can't resolve a split pair) and an
+            // ordinal comparison (ffprobe matches the .sub by exact case on case-sensitive
+            // filesystems, so a looser match could suppress a .sub with no working .idx).
+            // An .idx file with no paired .sub cannot be probed at all, so it is left out
+            // entirely rather than surfaced (which would otherwise fail every probe and,
+            // since the .idx would keep "existing" from Jellyfin's point of view, prevent
+            // stale subtitle stream metadata from ever being cleared once the .sub is gone).
+            HashSet<string>? pairedVobSubKeys = _type == DlnaProfileType.Subtitle
+                ? GetPairedVobSubKeys(files)
+                : null;
+
             var externalPathInfos = new List<ExternalPathParserResult>();
             ReadOnlySpan<char> prefix = video.FileNameWithoutExtension;
             foreach (var file in files)
             {
+                if (IsSuppressedVobSubFile(file, pairedVobSubKeys))
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
                 var fileNameWithoutExtension = Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(file.AsSpan());
                 if (fileNameWithoutExtension.Length >= prefix.Length
                     && prefix.Equals(fileNameWithoutExtension[..prefix.Length], StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
@@ -304,6 +322,77 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.MediaInfo
             return externalPathInfos;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Determines whether a candidate file is part of a VobSub .idx/.sub pair that
+        /// should be resolved to only its .idx file, or an .idx file with no paired .sub
+        /// that cannot be probed at all.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="file">The full path to the candidate file.</param>
+        /// <param name="pairedVobSubKeys">The set of pairing keys with both an .idx and .sub present, or null if not applicable.</param>
+        /// <returns><c>true</c> if the file should be suppressed; otherwise, <c>false</c>.</returns>
+        private static bool IsSuppressedVobSubFile(string file, HashSet<string>? pairedVobSubKeys)
+        {
+            if (pairedVobSubKeys is null)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            var extension = Path.GetExtension(file.AsSpan());
+            if (extension.Equals(".sub", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                // A paired .idx exists; probe it instead of the .sub payload.
+                return pairedVobSubKeys.Contains(GetVobSubPairingKey(file));
+            }
+
+            if (extension.Equals(".idx", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                // Without its .sub payload, the .idx cannot be probed for any data.
+                return !pairedVobSubKeys.Contains(GetVobSubPairingKey(file));
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Builds the set of directory+basename keys that have both an .idx and a .sub
+        /// file present, in a single pass over the candidate files.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="files">The candidate files to search.</param>
+        /// <returns>The set of pairing keys with both an .idx and .sub present.</returns>
+        private static HashSet<string> GetPairedVobSubKeys(IEnumerable<string> files)
+        {
+            var idxKeys = new HashSet<string>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+            var subKeys = new HashSet<string>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+            foreach (var file in files)
+            {
+                var extension = Path.GetExtension(file.AsSpan());
+                if (extension.Equals(".idx", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    idxKeys.Add(GetVobSubPairingKey(file));
+                }
+                else if (extension.Equals(".sub", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    subKeys.Add(GetVobSubPairingKey(file));
+                }
+            }
+
+            idxKeys.IntersectWith(subKeys);
+            return idxKeys;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Builds a directory+basename key used to pair a VobSub .idx file with its .sub
+        /// payload only when both live in the same directory.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="file">The full path to the file.</param>
+        /// <returns>A key combining the containing directory and file name without extension.</returns>
+        private static string GetVobSubPairingKey(string file)
+        {
+            var directory = Path.GetDirectoryName(file) ?? string.Empty;
+            var baseName = Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(file);
+            return Path.Combine(directory, baseName);
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Returns the media info of the given file.
         /// </summary>

MediaBrowser.Providers/Plugins/Tmdb/Movies/TmdbMovieProvider.cs

@@ -163,12 +163,15 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Plugins.Tmdb.Movies
                 // Caller provides the filename with extension stripped and NOT the parsed filename
                 var parsedName = _libraryManager.ParseName(info.Name);
                 var cleanedName = TmdbUtils.CleanName(parsedName.Name);
+                var searchYear = info.Year ?? parsedName.Year ?? 0;
 
-                var searchResults = await _tmdbClientManager.SearchMovieAsync(cleanedName, info.Year ?? parsedName.Year ?? 0, info.MetadataLanguage, info.MetadataCountryCode, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                var searchResults = await _tmdbClientManager.SearchMovieAsync(cleanedName, searchYear, info.MetadataLanguage, info.MetadataCountryCode, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
 
-                if (searchResults?.Count > 0)
+                var match = TmdbUtils.FindBestMatch(searchResults, parsedName.Name, searchYear);
+
+                if (match is not null)
                 {
-                    tmdbId = searchResults[0].Id;
+                    tmdbId = match.Id;
                 }
             }
 

MediaBrowser.Providers/Plugins/Tmdb/Movies/TmdbMovieSimilarProvider.cs

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ public class TmdbMovieSimilarProvider : IRemoteSimilarItemsProvider<Movie>
         }
 
         var providerName = MetadataProvider.Tmdb.ToString();
-        var page = 0;
+        var page = 1;
         var totalPages = 1;
 
         while (page <= totalPages && !cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
@@ -67,12 +67,12 @@ public class TmdbMovieSimilarProvider : IRemoteSimilarItemsProvider<Movie>
             try
             {
                 (pageResults, totalPages) = await _tmdbClientManager
-                    .GetMovieSimilarPageAsync(tmdbId, page, TmdbUtils.GetImageLanguagesParam(string.Empty), cancellationToken)
+                    .GetMovieRecommendationsPageAsync(tmdbId, page, TmdbUtils.GetImageLanguagesParam(string.Empty), cancellationToken)
                     .ConfigureAwait(false);
             }
             catch (Exception ex)
             {
-                _logger.LogWarning(ex, "Failed to get similar movies from TMDb for {TmdbId} page {Page}", tmdbId, page);
+                _logger.LogWarning(ex, "Failed to get recommended movies from TMDb for {TmdbId} page {Page}", tmdbId, page);
                 yield break;
             }
 
@@ -81,12 +81,12 @@ public class TmdbMovieSimilarProvider : IRemoteSimilarItemsProvider<Movie>
                 yield break;
             }
 
-            foreach (var similar in pageResults)
+            foreach (var recommendation in pageResults)
             {
                 yield return new SimilarItemReference
                 {
                     ProviderName = providerName,
-                    ProviderId = similar.Id.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)
+                    ProviderId = recommendation.Id.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)
                 };
             }
 

MediaBrowser.Providers/Plugins/Tmdb/TV/TmdbSeriesProvider.cs

@@ -202,11 +202,14 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Plugins.Tmdb.TV
                 // Caller provides the filename with extension stripped and NOT the parsed filename
                 var parsedName = _libraryManager.ParseName(info.Name);
                 var cleanedName = TmdbUtils.CleanName(parsedName.Name);
-                var searchResults = await _tmdbClientManager.SearchSeriesAsync(cleanedName, info.MetadataLanguage, info.MetadataCountryCode, info.Year ?? parsedName.Year ?? 0, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                var searchYear = info.Year ?? parsedName.Year ?? 0;
+                var searchResults = await _tmdbClientManager.SearchSeriesAsync(cleanedName, info.MetadataLanguage, info.MetadataCountryCode, searchYear, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
 
-                if (searchResults?.Count > 0)
+                var match = TmdbUtils.FindBestMatch(searchResults, parsedName.Name, searchYear);
+
+                if (match is not null)
                 {
-                    tmdbId = searchResults[0].Id.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+                    tmdbId = match.Id.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
                 }
             }
 

MediaBrowser.Providers/Plugins/Tmdb/TV/TmdbSeriesSimilarProvider.cs

@@ -67,12 +67,12 @@ public class TmdbSeriesSimilarProvider : IRemoteSimilarItemsProvider<Series>
             try
             {
                 (pageResults, totalPages) = await _tmdbClientManager
-                    .GetSeriesSimilarPageAsync(tmdbId, page, TmdbUtils.GetImageLanguagesParam(string.Empty), cancellationToken)
+                    .GetSeriesRecommendationsPageAsync(tmdbId, page, TmdbUtils.GetImageLanguagesParam(string.Empty), cancellationToken)
                     .ConfigureAwait(false);
             }
             catch (Exception ex)
             {
-                _logger.LogWarning(ex, "Failed to get similar TV shows from TMDb for {TmdbId} page {Page}", tmdbId, page);
+                _logger.LogWarning(ex, "Failed to get recommended TV shows from TMDb for {TmdbId} page {Page}", tmdbId, page);
                 yield break;
             }
 
@@ -81,12 +81,12 @@ public class TmdbSeriesSimilarProvider : IRemoteSimilarItemsProvider<Series>
                 yield break;
             }
 
-            foreach (var similar in pageResults)
+            foreach (var recommendation in pageResults)
             {
                 yield return new SimilarItemReference
                 {
                     ProviderName = providerName,
-                    ProviderId = similar.Id.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)
+                    ProviderId = recommendation.Id.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)
                 };
             }
 

MediaBrowser.Providers/Plugins/Tmdb/TmdbClientManager.cs

@@ -25,16 +25,19 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Plugins.Tmdb
     {
         private const int CacheDurationInHours = 1;
 
-        private readonly IMemoryCache _memoryCache;
+        // Sized in TMDb records - see EstimateSize - rather than in responses, because the responses
+        // differ in weight by orders of magnitude.
+        private const int CacheSizeLimit = 100_000;
+
+        private readonly MemoryCache _memoryCache;
         private readonly TMDbClient _tmDbClient;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="TmdbClientManager"/> class.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="memoryCache">An instance of <see cref="IMemoryCache"/>.</param>
-        public TmdbClientManager(IMemoryCache memoryCache)
+        public TmdbClientManager()
         {
-            _memoryCache = memoryCache;
+            _memoryCache = new MemoryCache(new MemoryCacheOptions { SizeLimit = CacheSizeLimit });
 
             var apiKey = Plugin.Instance.Configuration.TmdbApiKey;
             apiKey = string.IsNullOrEmpty(apiKey) ? TmdbUtils.ApiKey : apiKey;
@@ -78,7 +81,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Plugins.Tmdb
 
             if (movie is not null)
             {
-                _memoryCache.Set(key, movie, TimeSpan.FromHours(CacheDurationInHours));
+                Cache(key, movie);
             }
 
             return movie;
@@ -112,7 +115,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Plugins.Tmdb
 
             if (collection is not null)
             {
-                _memoryCache.Set(key, collection, TimeSpan.FromHours(CacheDurationInHours));
+                Cache(key, collection);
             }
 
             return collection;
@@ -152,7 +155,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Plugins.Tmdb
 
             if (series is not null)
             {
-                _memoryCache.Set(key, series, TimeSpan.FromHours(CacheDurationInHours));
+                Cache(key, series);
             }
 
             return series;
@@ -208,7 +211,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Plugins.Tmdb
 
             if (group is not null)
             {
-                _memoryCache.Set(key, group, TimeSpan.FromHours(CacheDurationInHours));
+                Cache(key, group);
             }
 
             return group;
@@ -244,7 +247,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Plugins.Tmdb
 
             if (season is not null)
             {
-                _memoryCache.Set(key, season, TimeSpan.FromHours(CacheDurationInHours));
+                Cache(key, season);
             }
 
             return season;
@@ -296,7 +299,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Plugins.Tmdb
 
             if (episode is not null)
             {
-                _memoryCache.Set(key, episode, TimeSpan.FromHours(CacheDurationInHours));
+                Cache(key, episode);
             }
 
             return episode;
@@ -328,7 +331,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Plugins.Tmdb
 
             if (person is not null)
             {
-                _memoryCache.Set(key, person, TimeSpan.FromHours(CacheDurationInHours));
+                Cache(key, person);
             }
 
             return person;
@@ -366,7 +369,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Plugins.Tmdb
 
             if (result is not null)
             {
-                _memoryCache.Set(key, result, TimeSpan.FromHours(CacheDurationInHours));
+                Cache(key, result);
             }
 
             return result;
@@ -397,7 +400,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Plugins.Tmdb
 
             if (searchResults?.Results?.Count > 0)
             {
-                _memoryCache.Set(key, searchResults, TimeSpan.FromHours(CacheDurationInHours));
+                CacheSearch(key, searchResults);
             }
 
             return searchResults?.Results;
@@ -425,7 +428,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Plugins.Tmdb
 
             if (searchResults?.Results?.Count > 0)
             {
-                _memoryCache.Set(key, searchResults, TimeSpan.FromHours(CacheDurationInHours));
+                CacheSearch(key, searchResults);
             }
 
             return searchResults?.Results;
@@ -468,7 +471,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Plugins.Tmdb
 
             if (searchResults?.Results?.Count > 0)
             {
-                _memoryCache.Set(key, searchResults, TimeSpan.FromHours(CacheDurationInHours));
+                CacheSearch(key, searchResults);
             }
 
             return searchResults?.Results;
@@ -498,26 +501,26 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Plugins.Tmdb
 
             if (searchResults?.Results?.Count > 0)
             {
-                _memoryCache.Set(key, searchResults, TimeSpan.FromHours(CacheDurationInHours));
+                CacheSearch(key, searchResults);
             }
 
             return searchResults?.Results;
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Gets a single page of similar movies for a movie from the TMDb API.
+        /// Gets a single page of recommended movies for a movie from the TMDb API.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="tmdbId">The TMDb id of the movie.</param>
         /// <param name="page">The page number to fetch (1-based).</param>
         /// <param name="language">The language for results.</param>
         /// <param name="cancellationToken">The cancellation token.</param>
-        /// <returns>A tuple containing the list of similar movies and the total number of pages available.</returns>
-        public async Task<(IReadOnlyList<SearchMovie> Results, int TotalPages)> GetMovieSimilarPageAsync(int tmdbId, int page, string? language, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        /// <returns>A tuple containing the list of recommended movies and the total number of pages available.</returns>
+        public async Task<(IReadOnlyList<SearchMovie> Results, int TotalPages)> GetMovieRecommendationsPageAsync(int tmdbId, int page, string? language, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
         {
             await EnsureClientConfigAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
 
             var searchResults = await _tmDbClient
-                .GetMovieSimilarAsync(tmdbId, language, page, cancellationToken)
+                .GetMovieRecommendationsAsync(tmdbId, language, page, cancellationToken)
                 .ConfigureAwait(false);
 
             if (searchResults?.Results is null || searchResults.Results.Count == 0)
@@ -529,19 +532,19 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Plugins.Tmdb
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Gets a single page of similar TV shows for a series from the TMDb API.
+        /// Gets a single page of recommended TV shows for a series from the TMDb API.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="tmdbId">The TMDb id of the TV show.</param>
         /// <param name="page">The page number to fetch (1-based).</param>
         /// <param name="language">The language for results.</param>
         /// <param name="cancellationToken">The cancellation token.</param>
-        /// <returns>A tuple containing the list of similar TV shows and the total number of pages available.</returns>
-        public async Task<(IReadOnlyList<SearchTv> Results, int TotalPages)> GetSeriesSimilarPageAsync(int tmdbId, int page, string? language, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        /// <returns>A tuple containing the list of recommended TV shows and the total number of pages available.</returns>
+        public async Task<(IReadOnlyList<SearchTv> Results, int TotalPages)> GetSeriesRecommendationsPageAsync(int tmdbId, int page, string? language, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
         {
             await EnsureClientConfigAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
 
             var searchResults = await _tmDbClient
-                .GetTvShowSimilarAsync(tmdbId, language, page, cancellationToken)
+                .GetTvShowRecommendationsAsync(tmdbId, language, page, cancellationToken)
                 .ConfigureAwait(false);
 
             if (searchResults?.Results is null || searchResults.Results.Count == 0)
@@ -753,6 +756,84 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Plugins.Tmdb
             return _tmDbClient.Config;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Stores a response under the shared expiry, weighed by what it costs to keep.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void Cache<T>(string key, T value)
+            where T : class
+            => _memoryCache.Set(
+                key,
+                value,
+                new MemoryCacheEntryOptions
+                {
+                    AbsoluteExpirationRelativeToNow = TimeSpan.FromHours(CacheDurationInHours),
+                    Size = EstimateSize(value)
+                });
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Stores a page of search results, whose weight is simply how many there are.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void CacheSearch<T>(string key, SearchContainer<T> results)
+            => _memoryCache.Set(
+                key,
+                results,
+                new MemoryCacheEntryOptions
+                {
+                    AbsoluteExpirationRelativeToNow = TimeSpan.FromHours(CacheDurationInHours),
+                    Size = 1 + Count(results.Results)
+                });
+
+        private static long Count<T>(IReadOnlyCollection<T>? items) => items?.Count ?? 0;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Estimates what keeping a response costs, counting the sub-records that dominate it.
+        /// </summary>
+        private static long EstimateSize(object? value) => value switch
+        {
+            TvShow series => 1
+                + Count(series.Credits?.Cast) + Count(series.Credits?.Crew)
+                + EstimateAggregateSize(series.AggregateCredits)
+                + Count(series.Seasons),
+            TvSeason season => 1
+                + Count(season.Credits?.Cast) + Count(season.Credits?.Crew)
+                + Count(season.Episodes),
+            TvEpisode episode => 1
+                + Count(episode.Credits?.Cast) + Count(episode.Credits?.Crew)
+                + Count(episode.Credits?.GuestStars),
+            Movie movie => 1 + Count(movie.Credits?.Cast) + Count(movie.Credits?.Crew),
+            Collection collection => 1 + Count(collection.Parts),
+            TvGroupCollection groups => 1 + Count(groups.Groups),
+            FindContainer found => 1
+                + Count(found.MovieResults) + Count(found.TvResults)
+                + Count(found.PersonResults) + Count(found.TvEpisode) + Count(found.TvSeason),
+            _ => 1
+        };
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Weighs aggregate credits, where each person carries one record per episode they worked on.
+        /// </summary>
+        private static long EstimateAggregateSize(CreditsAggregate? credits)
+        {
+            if (credits is null)
+            {
+                return 0;
+            }
+
+            var size = Count(credits.Cast) + Count(credits.Crew);
+
+            foreach (var cast in credits.Cast ?? [])
+            {
+                size += Count(cast.Roles);
+            }
+
+            foreach (var crew in credits.Crew ?? [])
+            {
+                size += Count(crew.Jobs);
+            }
+
+            return size;
+        }
+
         /// <inheritdoc />
         public void Dispose()
         {
@@ -768,7 +849,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Plugins.Tmdb
         {
             if (disposing)
             {
-                _memoryCache?.Dispose();
+                _memoryCache.Dispose();
                 _tmDbClient?.Dispose();
             }
         }

MediaBrowser.Providers/Plugins/Tmdb/TmdbUtils.cs

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
 using Jellyfin.Data.Enums;
 using MediaBrowser.Model.Entities;
 using TMDbLib.Objects.General;
+using TMDbLib.Objects.Search;
 using TMDbLib.Objects.TvShows;
 using PersonInfo = MediaBrowser.Controller.Entities.PersonInfo;
 
@@ -33,6 +34,11 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Plugins.Tmdb
         /// </summary>
         public const string ApiKey = "4219e299c89411838049ab0dab19ebd5";
 
+        private const int TitleExactScore = 8;
+        private const int TitlePrefixScore = 4;
+        private const int YearExactScore = 2;
+        private const int YearAdjacentScore = 1;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// The crew types to keep.
         /// </summary>
@@ -63,8 +69,20 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Plugins.Tmdb
             "novel"
         }.ToFrozenSet(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
 
-        [GeneratedRegex(@"[\W_-[·]]+")]
-        private static partial Regex NonWordRegex();
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Everything that is not a letter, a number or a combining mark separates two search terms. The
+        /// interpunct is kept because TMDb uses it inside titles such as "WALL·E", where it matches better
+        /// than a space does.
+        /// </summary>
+        [GeneratedRegex(@"[^\p{L}\p{N}\p{M}·]+")]
+        private static partial Regex NonSearchTermRegex();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// As <see cref="NonSearchTermRegex"/>, but the interpunct is a separator too, so a "WALL-E" folder
+        /// and the "WALL·E" title TMDb returns compare equal.
+        /// </summary>
+        [GeneratedRegex(@"[^\p{L}\p{N}\p{M}]+")]
+        private static partial Regex NonComparableRegex();
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets the TMDb id of an item, if it has one TMDb can be queried with.
@@ -101,7 +119,140 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Plugins.Tmdb
         public static string CleanName(string name)
         {
             // TMDb expects a space separated list of words make sure that is the case
-            return NonWordRegex().Replace(name, " ");
+            return NonSearchTermRegex().Replace(name, " ").Trim();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reduces a title to the form used to compare a local name against a TMDb search result.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="title">The title to normalize.</param>
+        /// <returns>The normalized title, or an empty string if there was nothing to normalize.</returns>
+        public static string NormalizeTitle(string? title)
+        {
+            return string.IsNullOrEmpty(title)
+                ? string.Empty
+                : NonComparableRegex().Replace(title, " ").Trim().ToLowerInvariant();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Picks the movie search result that best matches the name and year an item was looked up by.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="results">The search results, in the order TMDb returned them.</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The parsed name of the local item.</param>
+        /// <param name="year">The year of the local item, or 0 if it is unknown.</param>
+        /// <returns>The best match, or <c>null</c> if there were no results.</returns>
+        public static SearchMovie? FindBestMatch(IReadOnlyList<SearchMovie>? results, string? name, int year)
+        {
+            return FindBestMatch(
+                results,
+                name,
+                year,
+                static movie => movie.Title,
+                static movie => movie.OriginalTitle,
+                static movie => movie.ReleaseDate);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Picks the series search result that best matches the name and year an item was looked up by.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="results">The search results, in the order TMDb returned them.</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The parsed name of the local item.</param>
+        /// <param name="year">The year of the local item, or 0 if it is unknown.</param>
+        /// <returns>The best match, or <c>null</c> if there were no results.</returns>
+        public static SearchTv? FindBestMatch(IReadOnlyList<SearchTv>? results, string? name, int year)
+        {
+            return FindBestMatch(
+                results,
+                name,
+                year,
+                static series => series.Name,
+                static series => series.OriginalName,
+                static series => series.FirstAirDate);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Picks the search result that best matches the name and year an item was looked up by.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// TMDb's year parameter only nudges relevance, it does not filter, so the first hit is regularly a
+        /// different film or show that happens to share the title - searching for "Mulan" with year 2020
+        /// returns the 1998 film first. A title that matches outranks one that does not, and the year only
+        /// separates candidates that are otherwise equally good. When nothing matches at all TMDb's own
+        /// ordering is kept, so a name that needs fuzzy matching, such as "A Christmas No. 1" for
+        /// "A Christmas Number One", still resolves.
+        /// </remarks>
+        private static T? FindBestMatch<T>(
+            IReadOnlyList<T>? results,
+            string? name,
+            int year,
+            Func<T, string?> titleSelector,
+            Func<T, string?> originalTitleSelector,
+            Func<T, DateTime?> releaseDateSelector)
+            where T : class
+        {
+            if (results is null || results.Count == 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            var normalizedName = NormalizeTitle(name);
+            if (normalizedName.Length == 0)
+            {
+                return results[0];
+            }
+
+            var best = results[0];
+            var bestScore = 0;
+
+            foreach (var result in results)
+            {
+                var score = Math.Max(
+                        ScoreTitle(normalizedName, titleSelector(result)),
+                        ScoreTitle(normalizedName, originalTitleSelector(result)))
+                    + ScoreYear(year, releaseDateSelector(result)?.Year);
+
+                // Strictly greater, so ties keep the earlier, more relevant result.
+                if (score > bestScore)
+                {
+                    bestScore = score;
+                    best = result;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return best;
+        }
+
+        private static int ScoreTitle(string normalizedName, string? title)
+        {
+            var normalizedTitle = NormalizeTitle(title);
+
+            if (string.Equals(normalizedName, normalizedTitle, StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            {
+                return TitleExactScore;
+            }
+
+            // Whole words only, otherwise "Wall" half matches "Wall Street".
+            return normalizedTitle.Length > normalizedName.Length
+                && normalizedTitle[normalizedName.Length] == ' '
+                && normalizedTitle.StartsWith(normalizedName, StringComparison.Ordinal)
+                    ? TitlePrefixScore
+                    : 0;
+        }
+
+        private static int ScoreYear(int year, int? resultYear)
+        {
+            if (year <= 0 || resultYear is not int candidateYear)
+            {
+                return 0;
+            }
+
+            return Math.Abs(candidateYear - year) switch
+            {
+                0 => YearExactScore,
+                // Regional release dates routinely straddle a new year.
+                1 => YearAdjacentScore,
+                _ => 0
+            };
         }
 
         /// <summary>

MediaBrowser.Providers/Subtitles/SubtitleManager.cs

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Subtitles
         private readonly ILibraryMonitor _monitor;
         private readonly IMediaSourceManager _mediaSourceManager;
         private readonly ILocalizationManager _localization;
+        private readonly IDirectoryService _directoryService;
         private readonly HashSet<string> _allowedSubtitleFormats;
 
         private readonly ISubtitleProvider[] _subtitleProviders;
@@ -43,6 +44,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Subtitles
             ILibraryMonitor monitor,
             IMediaSourceManager mediaSourceManager,
             ILocalizationManager localizationManager,
+            IDirectoryService directoryService,
             IEnumerable<ISubtitleProvider> subtitleProviders,
             NamingOptions namingOptions)
         {
@@ -51,6 +53,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Subtitles
             _monitor = monitor;
             _mediaSourceManager = mediaSourceManager;
             _localization = localizationManager;
+            _directoryService = directoryService;
             _subtitleProviders = subtitleProviders
                 .OrderBy(i => i is IHasOrder hasOrder ? hasOrder.Order : 0)
                 .ToArray();
@@ -281,6 +284,8 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Subtitles
                             await stream.CopyToAsync(fs).ConfigureAwait(false);
                         }
 
+                        _directoryService.Invalidate(path);
+
                         return;
                     }
                     else
@@ -395,6 +400,8 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Subtitles
                 _monitor.ReportFileSystemChangeComplete(path, false);
             }
 
+            _directoryService.Invalidate(path);
+
             return item.RefreshMetadata(CancellationToken.None);
         }
 

MediaBrowser.Providers/TV/EpisodeMetadataService.cs

@@ -44,6 +44,31 @@ public class EpisodeMetadataService : MetadataService<Episode, EpisodeInfo>
     {
         var updatedType = base.BeforeSaveInternal(item, isFullRefresh, updateType);
 
+        // An episode cannot end before it starts.
+        if (item.IndexNumberEnd < item.IndexNumber)
+        {
+            Logger.LogWarning(
+                "Discarding episode range end {IndexNumberEnd} preceding episode number {IndexNumber} for {Path}",
+                item.IndexNumberEnd,
+                item.IndexNumber,
+                item.Path);
+
+            item.IndexNumberEnd = null;
+            updatedType |= ItemUpdateType.MetadataImport;
+        }
+        else if (item.IndexNumberEnd.HasValue && !item.IndexNumber.HasValue)
+        {
+            // Without a first episode the end does not describe a range. Promoting it to the episode number
+            // would invent an identity the metadata never supplied, so drop the orphaned value instead.
+            Logger.LogWarning(
+                "Discarding episode range end {IndexNumberEnd} without an episode number for {Path}",
+                item.IndexNumberEnd,
+                item.Path);
+
+            item.IndexNumberEnd = null;
+            updatedType |= ItemUpdateType.MetadataImport;
+        }
+
         var seriesName = item.FindSeriesName();
         if (!string.Equals(item.SeriesName, seriesName, StringComparison.Ordinal))
         {

MediaBrowser.XbmcMetadata/Parsers/EpisodeNfoParser.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
 using System.Text;
 using System.Threading;
 using System.Xml;
@@ -44,41 +46,60 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.XbmcMetadata.Parsers
 
             var xmlFile = File.ReadAllText(metadataFile);
 
-            var srch = "</episodedetails>";
-            var index = xmlFile.IndexOf(srch, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
-
-            var xml = xmlFile;
-
-            if (index != -1)
+            // Split the nfo into its episodedetails blocks.
+            // This is needed because XBMC metadata uses multiple episodedetails blocks instead of an episodenumberend tag.
+            const string Srch = "</episodedetails>";
+            var blocks = new List<string>();
+            int index;
+            while ((index = xmlFile.IndexOf(Srch, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) != -1)
             {
-                xml = xmlFile.Substring(0, index + srch.Length);
-                xmlFile = xmlFile.Substring(index + srch.Length);
+                blocks.Add(xmlFile.Substring(0, index + Srch.Length));
+                xmlFile = xmlFile.Substring(index + Srch.Length);
+            }
+
+            if (blocks.Count == 0)
+            {
+                // No closing tag, let the xml reader deal with whatever is in the file
+                blocks.Add(xmlFile);
             }
 
             // These are not going to be valid xml so no sense in causing the provider to fail and spamming the log with exceptions
             try
             {
-                // Extract episode details from the first episodedetails block
-                ReadEpisodeDetailsFromXml(item, xml, settings, cancellationToken);
+                if (blocks.Count == 1)
+                {
+                    ReadEpisodeDetailsFromXml(item, blocks[0], settings, cancellationToken);
+                    return;
+                }
 
-                // Extract the last episode number from nfo
-                // Retrieves all additional episodedetails blocks from the rest of the nfo and concatenates the name, originalTitle and overview tags with the first episode
-                // This is needed because XBMC metadata uses multiple episodedetails blocks instead of episodenumberend tag
+                // The blocks are not guaranteed to be written in ascending episode order, so parse them all
+                // and sort them before merging.
+                var episodes = blocks
+                    .Select(block =>
+                    {
+                        var episode = new MetadataResult<Episode>()
+                        {
+                            Item = new Episode()
+                        };
+
+                        ReadEpisodeDetailsFromXml(episode, block, settings, cancellationToken);
+
+                        return (Xml: block, Result: episode);
+                    })
+                    .OrderBy(episode => episode.Result.Item.IndexNumber ?? int.MaxValue)
+                    .ToList();
+
+                // Extract the details of the lowest numbered episode into the item that is returned to the caller
+                ReadEpisodeDetailsFromXml(item, episodes[0].Xml, settings, cancellationToken);
+
+                // Concatenate the name, originalTitle and overview tags of the remaining episodes with the first one
+                // and take the highest episode number as the last episode of the file
                 var name = new StringBuilder(item.Item.Name);
                 var originalTitle = new StringBuilder(item.Item.OriginalTitle);
                 var overview = new StringBuilder(item.Item.Overview);
-                while ((index = xmlFile.IndexOf(srch, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) != -1)
+                for (var i = 1; i < episodes.Count; i++)
                 {
-                    xml = xmlFile.Substring(0, index + srch.Length);
-                    xmlFile = xmlFile.Substring(index + srch.Length);
-
-                    var additionalEpisode = new MetadataResult<Episode>()
-                    {
-                        Item = new Episode()
-                    };
-
-                    // Extract episode details from additional episodedetails block
-                    ReadEpisodeDetailsFromXml(additionalEpisode, xml, settings, cancellationToken);
+                    var additionalEpisode = episodes[i].Result;
 
                     if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(additionalEpisode.Item.Name))
                     {

bump_version

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ jellyfin_subprojects=(
   MediaBrowser.Model/MediaBrowser.Model.csproj
   Emby.Naming/Emby.Naming.csproj
   src/Jellyfin.Extensions/Jellyfin.Extensions.csproj
-  src/Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Keyframes/Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Keyframes.csproj
 )
 issue_template_file="./.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/issue report.yml"
 

src/Jellyfin.Database/Jellyfin.Database.Implementations/IJellyfinDatabaseProvider.cs

@@ -37,14 +37,16 @@ public interface IJellyfinDatabaseProvider
     void ConfigureConventions(ModelConfigurationBuilder configurationBuilder);
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// If supported this should run any periodic maintaince tasks.
+    /// If supported this should run any periodic maintaince tasks, reclaiming unused space and refreshing the query
+    /// planner statistics. Also used after migrations have modified the database.
     /// </summary>
     /// <param name="cancellationToken">The token to abort the operation.</param>
     /// <returns>A <see cref="Task"/> representing the asynchronous operation.</returns>
     Task RunScheduledOptimisation(CancellationToken cancellationToken);
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// If supported this should perform any actions that are required on stopping the jellyfin server.
+    /// If supported this should perform any actions that are required on stopping the jellyfin server, including the
+    /// same maintenance as <see cref="RunScheduledOptimisation(CancellationToken)"/>.
     /// </summary>
     /// <param name="cancellationToken">The token that will be used to abort the operation.</param>
     /// <returns>A <see cref="Task"/> representing the asynchronous operation.</returns>

src/Jellyfin.Database/Jellyfin.Database.Providers.Sqlite/SqliteDatabaseProvider.cs

@@ -103,17 +103,9 @@ public sealed class SqliteDatabaseProvider : IJellyfinDatabaseProvider
     }
 
     /// <inheritdoc/>
-    public async Task RunScheduledOptimisation(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    public Task RunScheduledOptimisation(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
     {
-        var context = await DbContextFactory!.CreateDbContextAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
-        await using (context.ConfigureAwait(false))
-        {
-            await context.Database.ExecuteSqlRawAsync("PRAGMA wal_checkpoint(TRUNCATE)", cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
-            await context.Database.ExecuteSqlRawAsync("PRAGMA optimize", cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
-            await context.Database.ExecuteSqlRawAsync("VACUUM", cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
-            await context.Database.ExecuteSqlRawAsync("PRAGMA wal_checkpoint(TRUNCATE)", cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
-            _logger.LogInformation("jellyfin.db optimized successfully!");
-        }
+        return OptimizeAsync(cancellationToken);
     }
 
     /// <inheritdoc/>
@@ -124,20 +116,38 @@ public sealed class SqliteDatabaseProvider : IJellyfinDatabaseProvider
 
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public async Task RunShutdownTask(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        // Run before disposing the application
+        try
+        {
+            await OptimizeAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        }
+        catch (Exception ex)
+        {
+            // A missed optimization only costs performance, so never fail the shutdown over this.
+            _logger.LogError(ex, "Error while optimizing jellyfin.db");
+        }
+
+        SqliteConnection.ClearAllPools();
+    }
+
+    private async Task OptimizeAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
     {
         if (DbContextFactory is null)
         {
             return;
         }
 
-        // Run before disposing the application
         var context = await DbContextFactory.CreateDbContextAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
         await using (context.ConfigureAwait(false))
         {
-            await context.Database.ExecuteSqlRawAsync("PRAGMA optimize", cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            await context.Database.ExecuteSqlRawAsync("PRAGMA wal_checkpoint(TRUNCATE)", cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            await context.Database.ExecuteSqlRawAsync("VACUUM", cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            await context.Database.ExecuteSqlRawAsync("PRAGMA analysis_limit=0", cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            await context.Database.ExecuteSqlRawAsync("ANALYZE", cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            await context.Database.ExecuteSqlRawAsync("PRAGMA wal_checkpoint(TRUNCATE)", cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            _logger.LogInformation("jellyfin.db optimized successfully!");
         }
-
-        SqliteConnection.ClearAllPools();
     }
 
     /// <inheritdoc/>

src/Jellyfin.Drawing.Skia/SkiaEncoder.cs

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Globalization;
 using System.IO;
 using System.Linq;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using BlurHashSharp.SkiaSharp;
 using Jellyfin.Extensions;
 using MediaBrowser.Common.Configuration;
@@ -22,22 +24,15 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Drawing.Skia;
 public class SkiaEncoder : IImageEncoder
 {
     private const string SvgFormat = "svg";
+
+    // The light sharpening kernel applied after resizing, see ResizeImage.
+    private const float SharpenCenterWeight = 1.4f;
+    private const float SharpenNeighborWeight = -0.1f;
+
     private static readonly HashSet<string> _transparentImageTypes = new(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase) { ".png", ".gif", ".webp" };
     private readonly ILogger<SkiaEncoder> _logger;
     private readonly IApplicationPaths _appPaths;
     private static readonly SKTypeface?[] _typefaces = InitializeTypefaces();
-    private static readonly SKImageFilter _imageFilter = SKImageFilter.CreateMatrixConvolution(
-        new SKSizeI(3, 3),
-        [
-            0,    -.1f,    0,
-            -.1f, 1.4f, -.1f,
-            0,    -.1f,    0
-        ],
-        1f,
-        0f,
-        new SKPointI(1, 1),
-        SKShaderTileMode.Clamp,
-        true);
 
     /// <summary>
     /// The default sampling options, equivalent to old high quality filter settings when upscaling.
@@ -561,8 +556,8 @@ public class SkiaEncoder : IImageEncoder
     /// <returns>The resized image.</returns>
     internal static SKImage ResizeImage(SKBitmap source, SKImageInfo targetInfo, bool isAntialias = false, bool isDither = false)
     {
-        using var surface = SKSurface.Create(targetInfo);
-        using var canvas = surface.Canvas;
+        using var target = new SKBitmap(targetInfo);
+        using var canvas = new SKCanvas(target);
         using var paint = new SKPaint();
         paint.IsAntialias = isAntialias;
         paint.IsDither = isDither;
@@ -574,7 +569,6 @@ public class SkiaEncoder : IImageEncoder
             ? DefaultSamplingOptions
             : UpscaleSamplingOptions;
 
-        paint.ImageFilter = _imageFilter;
         canvas.DrawBitmap(
             source,
             SKRect.Create(0, 0, source.Width, source.Height),
@@ -582,7 +576,75 @@ public class SkiaEncoder : IImageEncoder
             samplingOptions,
             paint);
 
-        return surface.Snapshot();
+        SharpenInPlace(target);
+
+        return SKImage.FromBitmap(target);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Applies the light 3x3 sharpening kernel to the bitmap in place.
+    ///
+    /// This is equivalent to the SKImageFilter.CreateMatrixConvolution paint filter that
+    /// was previously part of the resize draw call. Since the SkiaSharp 3 update that
+    /// filter no longer has a fast CPU path and takes multiple seconds per image on the
+    /// software rasterizer, so the same kernel is applied directly instead.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="bitmap">The bitmap to sharpen. Must use a color type with four bytes per pixel; other color types are returned unchanged.</param>
+    internal static void SharpenInPlace(SKBitmap bitmap)
+    {
+        if (bitmap.BytesPerPixel != 4)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        var width = bitmap.Width;
+        var height = bitmap.Height;
+        var stride = bitmap.RowBytes;
+        var pixels = bitmap.GetPixels();
+        if (width == 0 || height == 0 || pixels == IntPtr.Zero)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        var length = stride * height;
+        var source = ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Rent(length);
+        var result = ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Rent(length);
+        try
+        {
+            Marshal.Copy(pixels, source, 0, length);
+
+            for (var y = 0; y < height; y++)
+            {
+                // The kernel clamps at the edges: out-of-bounds taps reuse the edge pixel.
+                var row = y * stride;
+                var up = y == 0 ? row : row - stride;
+                var down = y == height - 1 ? row : row + stride;
+
+                for (var x = 0; x < width; x++)
+                {
+                    var col = x * 4;
+                    var left = x == 0 ? col : col - 4;
+                    var right = x == width - 1 ? col : col + 4;
+
+                    for (var channel = 0; channel < 4; channel++)
+                    {
+                        var value = (SharpenCenterWeight * source[row + col + channel])
+                            + (SharpenNeighborWeight * (source[up + col + channel]
+                                + source[down + col + channel]
+                                + source[row + left + channel]
+                                + source[row + right + channel]));
+                        result[row + col + channel] = (byte)Math.Clamp((int)(value + 0.5f), 0, 255);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            Marshal.Copy(result, 0, pixels, length);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Return(source);
+            ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Return(result);
+        }
     }
 
     /// <inheritdoc/>

src/Jellyfin.LiveTv/TunerHosts/M3UTunerHost.cs

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ namespace Jellyfin.LiveTv.TunerHosts
     {
         private static readonly string[] _mimeTypesCanShareHttpStream = ["video/MP2T"];
         private static readonly string[] _extensionsCanShareHttpStream = [".ts", ".tsv", ".m2t"];
+        private static readonly string[] _manifestExtensions = [".m3u8", ".m3u", ".mpd"];
 
         private readonly IHttpClientFactory _httpClientFactory;
         private readonly IServerApplicationHost _appHost;
@@ -151,11 +152,20 @@ namespace Jellyfin.LiveTv.TunerHosts
             var protocol = _mediaSourceManager.GetPathProtocol(path);
 
             var isRemote = true;
-            if (Uri.TryCreate(path, UriKind.Absolute, out var uri))
+            Uri.TryCreate(path, UriKind.Absolute, out var uri);
+            if (uri is not null)
             {
                 isRemote = !_networkManager.IsInLocalNetwork(uri.Host);
             }
 
+            // A manifest is not a byte stream. Serving one directly hands the client a playlist whose
+            // variant and segment URIs are relative to the origin, and those do not resolve against the
+            // Jellyfin url the client fetched it from. Remux or transcode these instead.
+            if (IsManifest(path, uri))
+            {
+                supportsDirectPlay = false;
+            }
+
             var httpHeaders = new Dictionary<string, string>();
 
             if (protocol == MediaProtocol.Http)
@@ -210,6 +220,20 @@ namespace Jellyfin.LiveTv.TunerHosts
             return mediaSource;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Determines whether a channel path points at an HLS or DASH manifest rather than at a byte stream.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The channel path.</param>
+        /// <param name="uri">The channel path parsed as an absolute uri, or <c>null</c> if it is not one.</param>
+        /// <returns><c>true</c> if the path names a streaming manifest.</returns>
+        private static bool IsManifest(string path, Uri uri)
+        {
+            // Use the uri path when there is one so that a query string does not hide the extension.
+            var extension = Path.GetExtension(uri is null ? path : uri.AbsolutePath);
+
+            return _manifestExtensions.Contains(extension, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+        }
+
         public Task<List<TunerHostInfo>> DiscoverDevices(int discoveryDurationMs, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
         {
             return Task.FromResult(new List<TunerHostInfo>());

tests/Jellyfin.Controller.Tests/DirectoryServiceTests.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.IO;
 using System.Linq;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.Providers;
 using MediaBrowser.Model.IO;
@@ -8,29 +10,31 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Controller.Tests
 {
     public class DirectoryServiceTests
     {
-        private const string LowerCasePath = "/music/someartist";
-        private const string UpperCasePath = "/music/SOMEARTIST";
+        // Path.GetDirectoryName, which Invalidate uses to find the parent, normalizes the
+        // separators, so cache keys only match the parent it returns when they use the platform's.
+        private static readonly string _lowerCasePath = LocalPath("/music/someartist");
+        private static readonly string _upperCasePath = LocalPath("/music/SOMEARTIST");
 
         private static readonly FileSystemMetadata[] _lowerCaseFileSystemMetadata =
         {
             new()
             {
-                FullName = LowerCasePath + "/Artwork",
+                FullName = Path.Combine(_lowerCasePath, "Artwork"),
                 IsDirectory = true
             },
             new()
             {
-                FullName = LowerCasePath + "/Some Other Folder",
+                FullName = Path.Combine(_lowerCasePath, "Some Other Folder"),
                 IsDirectory = true
             },
             new()
             {
-                FullName = LowerCasePath + "/Song 2.mp3",
+                FullName = Path.Combine(_lowerCasePath, "Song 2.mp3"),
                 IsDirectory = false
             },
             new()
             {
-                FullName = LowerCasePath + "/Song 3.mp3",
+                FullName = Path.Combine(_lowerCasePath, "Song 3.mp3"),
                 IsDirectory = false
             }
         };
@@ -39,12 +43,12 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Controller.Tests
         {
             new()
             {
-                FullName = UpperCasePath + "/Lyrics",
+                FullName = Path.Combine(_upperCasePath, "Lyrics"),
                 IsDirectory = true
             },
             new()
             {
-                FullName = UpperCasePath + "/Song 1.mp3",
+                FullName = Path.Combine(_upperCasePath, "Song 1.mp3"),
                 IsDirectory = false
             }
         };
@@ -53,12 +57,12 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Controller.Tests
         public void GetFileSystemEntries_GivenPathsWithDifferentCasing_CachesAll()
         {
             var fileSystemMock = new Mock<IFileSystem>();
-            fileSystemMock.Setup(f => f.GetFileSystemEntries(It.Is<string>(x => x == UpperCasePath), false)).Returns(_upperCaseFileSystemMetadata);
-            fileSystemMock.Setup(f => f.GetFileSystemEntries(It.Is<string>(x => x == LowerCasePath), false)).Returns(_lowerCaseFileSystemMetadata);
+            fileSystemMock.Setup(f => f.GetFileSystemEntries(It.Is<string>(x => x == _upperCasePath), false)).Returns(_upperCaseFileSystemMetadata);
+            fileSystemMock.Setup(f => f.GetFileSystemEntries(It.Is<string>(x => x == _lowerCasePath), false)).Returns(_lowerCaseFileSystemMetadata);
             var directoryService = new DirectoryService(fileSystemMock.Object);
 
-            var upperCaseResult = directoryService.GetFileSystemEntries(UpperCasePath);
-            var lowerCaseResult = directoryService.GetFileSystemEntries(LowerCasePath);
+            var upperCaseResult = directoryService.GetFileSystemEntries(_upperCasePath);
+            var lowerCaseResult = directoryService.GetFileSystemEntries(_lowerCasePath);
 
             Assert.Equal(_upperCaseFileSystemMetadata, upperCaseResult);
             Assert.Equal(_lowerCaseFileSystemMetadata, lowerCaseResult);
@@ -68,12 +72,12 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Controller.Tests
         public void GetFiles_GivenPathsWithDifferentCasing_ReturnsCorrectFiles()
         {
             var fileSystemMock = new Mock<IFileSystem>();
-            fileSystemMock.Setup(f => f.GetFileSystemEntries(It.Is<string>(x => x == UpperCasePath), false)).Returns(_upperCaseFileSystemMetadata);
-            fileSystemMock.Setup(f => f.GetFileSystemEntries(It.Is<string>(x => x == LowerCasePath), false)).Returns(_lowerCaseFileSystemMetadata);
+            fileSystemMock.Setup(f => f.GetFileSystemEntries(It.Is<string>(x => x == _upperCasePath), false)).Returns(_upperCaseFileSystemMetadata);
+            fileSystemMock.Setup(f => f.GetFileSystemEntries(It.Is<string>(x => x == _lowerCasePath), false)).Returns(_lowerCaseFileSystemMetadata);
             var directoryService = new DirectoryService(fileSystemMock.Object);
 
-            var upperCaseResult = directoryService.GetFiles(UpperCasePath);
-            var lowerCaseResult = directoryService.GetFiles(LowerCasePath);
+            var upperCaseResult = directoryService.GetFiles(_upperCasePath);
+            var lowerCaseResult = directoryService.GetFiles(_lowerCasePath);
 
             Assert.Equal(_upperCaseFileSystemMetadata.Where(f => !f.IsDirectory), upperCaseResult);
             Assert.Equal(_lowerCaseFileSystemMetadata.Where(f => !f.IsDirectory), lowerCaseResult);
@@ -83,12 +87,12 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Controller.Tests
         public void GetDirectories_GivenPathsWithDifferentCasing_ReturnsCorrectDirectories()
         {
             var fileSystemMock = new Mock<IFileSystem>();
-            fileSystemMock.Setup(f => f.GetFileSystemEntries(It.Is<string>(x => x == UpperCasePath), false)).Returns(_upperCaseFileSystemMetadata);
-            fileSystemMock.Setup(f => f.GetFileSystemEntries(It.Is<string>(x => x == LowerCasePath), false)).Returns(_lowerCaseFileSystemMetadata);
+            fileSystemMock.Setup(f => f.GetFileSystemEntries(It.Is<string>(x => x == _upperCasePath), false)).Returns(_upperCaseFileSystemMetadata);
+            fileSystemMock.Setup(f => f.GetFileSystemEntries(It.Is<string>(x => x == _lowerCasePath), false)).Returns(_lowerCaseFileSystemMetadata);
             var directoryService = new DirectoryService(fileSystemMock.Object);
 
-            var upperCaseResult = directoryService.GetDirectories(UpperCasePath);
-            var lowerCaseResult = directoryService.GetDirectories(LowerCasePath);
+            var upperCaseResult = directoryService.GetDirectories(_upperCasePath);
+            var lowerCaseResult = directoryService.GetDirectories(_lowerCasePath);
 
             Assert.Equal(_upperCaseFileSystemMetadata.Where(f => f.IsDirectory), upperCaseResult);
             Assert.Equal(_lowerCaseFileSystemMetadata.Where(f => f.IsDirectory), lowerCaseResult);
@@ -248,5 +252,171 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Controller.Tests
             Assert.Equal(cachedPaths, result);
             Assert.Equal(newPaths, secondResult);
         }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void GetFileSystemEntries_RepeatedPath_ReadsTheFileSystemOnce()
+        {
+            var fileSystemMock = new Mock<IFileSystem>(MockBehavior.Strict);
+            fileSystemMock.Setup(f => f.GetFileSystemEntries(_lowerCasePath))
+                .Returns(_lowerCaseFileSystemMetadata);
+
+            var directoryService = new DirectoryService(fileSystemMock.Object);
+
+            directoryService.GetFileSystemEntries(_lowerCasePath);
+            directoryService.GetFileSystemEntries(_lowerCasePath);
+
+            fileSystemMock.Verify(f => f.GetFileSystemEntries(_lowerCasePath), Times.Once);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Invalidate_GivenADirectory_DropsBothTheListingAndTheFilePaths()
+        {
+            var fileSystemMock = new Mock<IFileSystem>();
+            fileSystemMock.SetupSequence(f => f.GetFileSystemEntries(_lowerCasePath))
+                .Returns(_lowerCaseFileSystemMetadata)
+                .Returns(_upperCaseFileSystemMetadata);
+            fileSystemMock.SetupSequence(f => f.GetFilePaths(_lowerCasePath, false))
+                .Returns(new[] { Path.Combine(_lowerCasePath, "Song 2.mp3") })
+                .Returns(new[] { Path.Combine(_lowerCasePath, "Song 2.mp3"), Path.Combine(_lowerCasePath, "Song 2.srt") });
+
+            var directoryService = new DirectoryService(fileSystemMock.Object);
+            directoryService.GetFileSystemEntries(_lowerCasePath);
+            directoryService.GetFilePaths(_lowerCasePath);
+
+            directoryService.Invalidate(_lowerCasePath);
+
+            Assert.Equal(_upperCaseFileSystemMetadata, directoryService.GetFileSystemEntries(_lowerCasePath));
+            Assert.Equal(2, directoryService.GetFilePaths(_lowerCasePath).Count);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Invalidate_GivenAFile_DropsTheListingOfTheDirectoryHoldingIt()
+        {
+            var newFile = Path.Combine(_lowerCasePath, "Song 2.srt");
+
+            var fileSystemMock = new Mock<IFileSystem>();
+            fileSystemMock.SetupSequence(f => f.GetFileSystemEntries(_lowerCasePath))
+                .Returns(_lowerCaseFileSystemMetadata)
+                .Returns(_upperCaseFileSystemMetadata);
+
+            var directoryService = new DirectoryService(fileSystemMock.Object);
+            directoryService.GetFileSystemEntries(_lowerCasePath);
+
+            directoryService.Invalidate(newFile);
+
+            Assert.Equal(_upperCaseFileSystemMetadata, directoryService.GetFileSystemEntries(_lowerCasePath));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void GetFilePaths_ClearingTheCache_KeepsTheParentDirectory()
+        {
+            var parentPath = LocalPath("/music");
+
+            var fileSystemMock = new Mock<IFileSystem>();
+            fileSystemMock.Setup(f => f.GetFilePaths(_lowerCasePath))
+                .Returns(new[] { Path.Combine(_lowerCasePath, "Song 2.mp3") });
+            fileSystemMock.Setup(f => f.GetFileSystemEntries(parentPath))
+                .Returns(_lowerCaseFileSystemMetadata);
+
+            var directoryService = new DirectoryService(fileSystemMock.Object);
+            directoryService.GetFileSystemEntries(parentPath);
+
+            directoryService.GetFilePaths(_lowerCasePath, true);
+
+            directoryService.GetFileSystemEntries(parentPath);
+            fileSystemMock.Verify(f => f.GetFileSystemEntries(parentPath), Times.Once);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void GetFileSystemEntries_MoreRecordsThanTheCeiling_DropsCache()
+        {
+            // Charged by the files in a listing, not the number of listings, so a few big folders
+            // reach the limit where a lot of small ones would not.
+            const int FolderCount = 60;
+            var bigListing = new FileSystemMetadata[5000];
+            for (var i = 0; i < bigListing.Length; i++)
+            {
+                bigListing[i] = new FileSystemMetadata
+                {
+                    FullName = "/music/track" + i.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture),
+                    IsDirectory = false
+                };
+            }
+
+            var fileSystemMock = new Mock<IFileSystem>();
+            fileSystemMock.Setup(f => f.GetFileSystemEntries(It.IsAny<string>()))
+                .Returns(bigListing);
+
+            var directoryService = new DirectoryService(fileSystemMock.Object);
+
+            const string FirstPath = "/music/artist0";
+            directoryService.GetFileSystemEntries(FirstPath);
+
+            for (var i = 1; i < FolderCount; i++)
+            {
+                directoryService.GetFileSystemEntries("/music/artist" + i.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
+            }
+
+            directoryService.GetFileSystemEntries(FirstPath);
+
+            fileSystemMock.Verify(f => f.GetFileSystemEntries(FirstPath), Times.Exactly(2));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void GetFileSystemEntries_RepeatedlyInvalidatedFolder_KeepsUnrelatedEntriesCached()
+        {
+            // Invalidating gives the records back, so churning one folder must not add up to the
+            // ceiling and drop everything else with it.
+            const int ChurnCount = 50;
+            var bigListing = new FileSystemMetadata[5000];
+            for (var i = 0; i < bigListing.Length; i++)
+            {
+                bigListing[i] = new FileSystemMetadata
+                {
+                    FullName = "/music/track" + i.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture),
+                    IsDirectory = false
+                };
+            }
+
+            var fileSystemMock = new Mock<IFileSystem>();
+            fileSystemMock.Setup(f => f.GetFileSystemEntries(It.IsAny<string>()))
+                .Returns(bigListing);
+
+            var directoryService = new DirectoryService(fileSystemMock.Object);
+
+            const string ChurnedPath = "/music/watched";
+            const string StablePath = "/music/untouched";
+            directoryService.GetFileSystemEntries(StablePath);
+
+            for (var i = 0; i < ChurnCount; i++)
+            {
+                directoryService.GetFileSystemEntries(ChurnedPath);
+                directoryService.Invalidate(ChurnedPath);
+            }
+
+            directoryService.GetFileSystemEntries(StablePath);
+
+            fileSystemMock.Verify(f => f.GetFileSystemEntries(StablePath), Times.Once);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void GetFileSystemEntry_MissingPath_IsNotRemembered()
+        {
+            const string MissingPath = "/music/not-here";
+
+            var fileSystemMock = new Mock<IFileSystem>();
+            fileSystemMock.SetupSequence(f => f.GetFileSystemInfo(MissingPath))
+                .Returns(new FileSystemMetadata { FullName = MissingPath, Exists = false })
+                .Returns(new FileSystemMetadata { FullName = MissingPath, Exists = true });
+
+            var directoryService = new DirectoryService(fileSystemMock.Object);
+
+            Assert.Null(directoryService.GetFileSystemEntry(MissingPath));
+
+            Assert.NotNull(directoryService.GetFileSystemEntry(MissingPath));
+        }
+
+        private static string LocalPath(string path)
+            => path.Replace('/', Path.DirectorySeparatorChar);
     }
 }

tests/Jellyfin.Controller.Tests/LibraryTaskScheduler/LimitedConcurrencyLibrarySchedulerTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.Configuration;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.LibraryTaskScheduler;
+using MediaBrowser.Model.Configuration;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging.Abstractions;
+using Moq;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Jellyfin.Controller.Tests.LibraryTaskScheduler
+{
+    public class LimitedConcurrencyLibrarySchedulerTests
+    {
+        private static readonly TimeSpan _shortGracePeriod = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(50);
+
+        // Generous, because these only ever wait for something that should already have happened.
+        private static readonly TimeSpan _timeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10);
+
+        [Fact]
+        public async Task Enqueue_ProcessesEveryItem()
+        {
+            using var appStopping = new CancellationTokenSource();
+            var scheduler = CreateScheduler(appStopping);
+            await using (scheduler)
+            {
+                var data = Enumerable.Range(0, 100).ToArray();
+                var processed = new ConcurrentBag<int>();
+
+                await scheduler.Enqueue(
+                    data,
+                    (item, _) =>
+                    {
+                        processed.Add(item);
+                        return Task.CompletedTask;
+                    },
+                    new Progress<double>(),
+                    CancellationToken.None);
+
+                Assert.Equal(data, processed.Order());
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public async Task Enqueue_WithFailingWorker_StillCompletes()
+        {
+            using var appStopping = new CancellationTokenSource();
+            var scheduler = CreateScheduler(appStopping);
+            await using (scheduler)
+            {
+                await scheduler.Enqueue(
+                    Enumerable.Range(0, 20).ToArray(),
+                    (item, _) => item % 2 == 0 ? throw new InvalidOperationException("boom") : Task.CompletedTask,
+                    new Progress<double>(),
+                    CancellationToken.None);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The runners wait on a source linked to <see cref="IHostApplicationLifetime.ApplicationStopping"/>,
+        /// so a shutdown has to reach them. It does not travel from the linked source back to the one
+        /// the cleanup cancels, which is what made them immortal.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>A <see cref="Task"/> representing the asynchronous unit test.</returns>
+        [Fact]
+        public async Task ApplicationStopping_RetiresRunners()
+        {
+            using var appStopping = new CancellationTokenSource();
+
+            // Long enough that the cleanup cannot be what retires them.
+            var scheduler = CreateScheduler(appStopping, gracePeriod: TimeSpan.FromMinutes(5));
+            await using (scheduler)
+            {
+                await RunOneOperation(scheduler);
+                Assert.True(scheduler.ActiveRunnerCount > 0);
+
+                await appStopping.CancelAsync();
+
+                await WaitForAsync(() => scheduler.ActiveRunnerCount == 0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The cleanup used to be a one shot: it never released the scheduling slot it took, so
+        /// every runner spawned after the first pass stayed around for the lifetime of the server.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>A <see cref="Task"/> representing the asynchronous unit test.</returns>
+        [Fact]
+        public async Task Enqueue_RetiresIdleRunnersAfterEveryOperation()
+        {
+            using var appStopping = new CancellationTokenSource();
+            var scheduler = CreateScheduler(appStopping);
+            await using (scheduler)
+            {
+                for (var round = 0; round < 3; round++)
+                {
+                    await RunOneOperation(scheduler);
+                    Assert.True(scheduler.ActiveRunnerCount > 0, $"no runner spawned in round {round}");
+
+                    await WaitForAsync(() => scheduler.ActiveRunnerCount == 0);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Disposing used to sit out the rest of the cleanup grace period, holding up shutdown for
+        /// up to a minute.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>A <see cref="Task"/> representing the asynchronous unit test.</returns>
+        [Fact]
+        public async Task DisposeAsync_DoesNotWaitOutTheGracePeriod()
+        {
+            using var appStopping = new CancellationTokenSource();
+            var scheduler = CreateScheduler(appStopping, gracePeriod: TimeSpan.FromMinutes(5));
+
+            await RunOneOperation(scheduler);
+
+            var stopwatch = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+            await scheduler.DisposeAsync();
+
+            Assert.True(stopwatch.Elapsed < _timeout, $"disposing took {stopwatch.Elapsed}");
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public async Task Enqueue_AfterDispose_DoesNothing()
+        {
+            using var appStopping = new CancellationTokenSource();
+            var scheduler = CreateScheduler(appStopping);
+            await scheduler.DisposeAsync();
+
+            var processed = 0;
+            await scheduler.Enqueue(
+                Enumerable.Range(0, 10).ToArray(),
+                (_, _) =>
+                {
+                    Interlocked.Increment(ref processed);
+                    return Task.CompletedTask;
+                },
+                new Progress<double>(),
+                CancellationToken.None);
+
+            Assert.Equal(0, processed);
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [InlineData(1)]
+        [InlineData(4)]
+        public async Task Enqueue_FromWithinAWorker_DoesNotDeadlock(int fanout)
+        {
+            using var appStopping = new CancellationTokenSource();
+            var scheduler = CreateScheduler(appStopping, fanout: fanout);
+            await using (scheduler)
+            {
+                var inner = 0;
+
+                var outer = scheduler.Enqueue(
+                    Enumerable.Range(0, 8).ToArray(),
+                    (_, _) => scheduler.Enqueue(
+                        Enumerable.Range(0, 4).ToArray(),
+                        (_, _) =>
+                        {
+                            Interlocked.Increment(ref inner);
+                            return Task.CompletedTask;
+                        },
+                        new Progress<double>(),
+                        CancellationToken.None),
+                    new Progress<double>(),
+                    CancellationToken.None);
+
+                await outer.WaitAsync(_timeout, TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+
+                Assert.Equal(32, inner);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static LimitedConcurrencyLibraryScheduler CreateScheduler(
+            CancellationTokenSource appStopping,
+            int fanout = 4,
+            TimeSpan? gracePeriod = null)
+        {
+            var lifetime = new Mock<IHostApplicationLifetime>();
+            lifetime.SetupGet(x => x.ApplicationStopping).Returns(() => appStopping.Token);
+
+            var configurationManager = new Mock<IServerConfigurationManager>();
+            configurationManager.SetupGet(x => x.Configuration)
+                .Returns(new ServerConfiguration { LibraryScanFanoutConcurrency = fanout });
+
+            return new LimitedConcurrencyLibraryScheduler(
+                lifetime.Object,
+                NullLogger<LimitedConcurrencyLibraryScheduler>.Instance,
+                configurationManager.Object,
+                gracePeriod ?? _shortGracePeriod);
+        }
+
+        private static Task RunOneOperation(LimitedConcurrencyLibraryScheduler scheduler)
+            => scheduler.Enqueue(
+                Enumerable.Range(0, 8).ToArray(),
+                (_, _) => Task.CompletedTask,
+                new Progress<double>(),
+                CancellationToken.None);
+
+        private static async Task WaitForAsync(Func<bool> condition)
+        {
+            var stopwatch = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+            while (!condition())
+            {
+                Assert.True(stopwatch.Elapsed < _timeout, "timed out waiting for the scheduler to settle");
+                await Task.Delay(20, TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

tests/Jellyfin.Controller.Tests/MediaEncoding/EncodingHelperDoviTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+using System;
+using Jellyfin.Data.Enums;
+using MediaBrowser.Common.Configuration;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.IO;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.MediaEncoding;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.Streaming;
+using MediaBrowser.Model.Configuration;
+using MediaBrowser.Model.Dto;
+using MediaBrowser.Model.Entities;
+using Moq;
+using Xunit;
+
+using IConfiguration = Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration.IConfiguration;
+
+namespace Jellyfin.Controller.Tests.MediaEncoding;
+
+public class EncodingHelperDoviTests
+{
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(null, false)]
+    [InlineData("bt709", false)]
+    [InlineData("unknown", false)]
+    [InlineData("bt2020-10", false)]
+    [InlineData("smpte2084", true)]
+    [InlineData("arib-std-b67", true)]
+    public void GetSwVidFilterChain_InvalidDovi_OnlyTonemapsHdrBaseLayer(string? transfer, bool tonemap)
+    {
+        var state = CreateState("hevc", transfer);
+        var helper = CreateHelper(true);
+
+        var (filters, _, _) = helper.GetSwVidFilterChain(state, new EncodingOptions(), "libx264");
+        var args = string.Join(',', filters);
+
+        Assert.Equal(VideoRangeType.DOVIInvalid, state.VideoStream.VideoRangeType);
+        Assert.Equal(tonemap, args.Contains("tonemapx=", StringComparison.Ordinal));
+        Assert.Contains(tonemap ? "color_trc=" + transfer : "color_trc=bt709", args, StringComparison.Ordinal);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(null, false)]
+    [InlineData("bt709", false)]
+    [InlineData("arib-std-b67", false)]
+    [InlineData("smpte2084", true)]
+    [InlineData("SMPTE2084", true)]
+    public void IsDoviWithHdr10Bl_InvalidDovi_RequiresPq(string? transfer, bool expected)
+    {
+        var stream = CreateState("hevc", transfer).VideoStream;
+
+        Assert.True(EncodingHelper.IsDovi(stream));
+        Assert.Equal(expected, EncodingHelper.IsDoviWithHdr10Bl(stream));
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("hevc", null, "hevc_metadata=remove_dovi=1")]
+    [InlineData("hevc", "bt709", "hevc_metadata=remove_dovi=1")]
+    [InlineData("hevc", "smpte2084", "hevc_metadata=remove_dovi=1")]
+    [InlineData("hevc", "arib-std-b67", "hevc_metadata=remove_dovi=1")]
+    [InlineData("av1", null, "av1_metadata=remove_dovi=1")]
+    [InlineData("av1", "bt709", "av1_metadata=remove_dovi=1")]
+    [InlineData("av1", "smpte2084", "av1_metadata=remove_dovi=1")]
+    [InlineData("av1", "arib-std-b67", "av1_metadata=remove_dovi=1")]
+    public void GetBitStreamArgs_InvalidDovi_PreservesClientDependentRemoval(string codec, string? transfer, string expected)
+    {
+        var state = CreateState(codec, transfer);
+        var helper = CreateHelper(true);
+
+        foreach (var (requestedRanges, removeDovi) in new[] { (null, false), ("SDR", false), ("HDR10", false), ("DOVIWithEL", false), ("DOVI", true), ("SDR,DOVI", true) })
+        {
+            state.BaseRequest.VideoRangeType = requestedRanges;
+
+            Assert.Equal(removeDovi, helper.IsDoviRemoved(state));
+            if (removeDovi)
+            {
+                Assert.Contains(expected, helper.GetBitStreamArgs(state, MediaStreamType.Video), StringComparison.Ordinal);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Assert.Equal(codec == "hevc" ? "-bsf:v hevc_mp4toannexb" : null, helper.GetBitStreamArgs(state, MediaStreamType.Video));
+            }
+
+            Assert.False(CreateHelper(false).IsDoviRemoved(state));
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(null, true)]
+    [InlineData("HDR10", true)]
+    [InlineData("DOVI", false)]
+    [InlineData("SDR,DOVI", false)]
+    public void CanStreamCopyVideo_InvalidDovi_RequiresRemovalSupportOnlyForDoviClients(string? requestedRanges, bool copyWithoutRemovalSupport)
+    {
+        foreach (var codec in new[] { "hevc", "av1" })
+        {
+            foreach (var transfer in new[] { "bt709", "smpte2084" })
+            {
+                var state = CreateState(codec, transfer);
+                state.BaseRequest.VideoRangeType = requestedRanges;
+
+                Assert.True(CreateHelper(true).CanStreamCopyVideo(state, state.VideoStream));
+                Assert.Equal(copyWithoutRemovalSupport, CreateHelper(false).CanStreamCopyVideo(state, state.VideoStream));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetBitStreamArgs_ValidDovi_PreservesMetadata()
+    {
+        var state = CreateState("hevc", "smpte2084");
+        state.VideoStream.ColorSpace = "bt2020nc";
+        state.VideoStream.ColorPrimaries = "bt2020";
+        state.BaseRequest.VideoRangeType = "DOVIWithEL";
+        var helper = CreateHelper(true);
+
+        Assert.False(helper.IsDoviRemoved(state));
+        Assert.Equal("-bsf:v hevc_mp4toannexb", helper.GetBitStreamArgs(state, MediaStreamType.Video));
+    }
+
+    private static EncodingJobInfo CreateState(string codec, string? transfer)
+    {
+        var stream = new MediaStream
+        {
+            Type = MediaStreamType.Video,
+            Codec = codec,
+            Width = 1920,
+            Height = 1080,
+            BitDepth = 10,
+            DvProfile = codec == "hevc" ? 7 : 10,
+            DvBlSignalCompatibilityId = codec == "hevc" ? 6 : 1,
+            RpuPresentFlag = 1,
+            BlPresentFlag = 1,
+            ColorSpace = "bt709",
+            ColorPrimaries = "bt709",
+            ColorTransfer = transfer
+        };
+
+        return new EncodingJobInfo(TranscodingJobType.Hls)
+        {
+            VideoStream = stream,
+            MediaSource = new MediaSourceInfo { Container = "mkv", MediaStreams = [stream] },
+            BaseRequest = new VideoRequestDto(),
+            OutputVideoCodec = "copy",
+            IsVideoRequest = true,
+            IsInputVideo = true
+        };
+    }
+
+    private static EncodingHelper CreateHelper(bool supportsRemoval)
+    {
+        var encoder = new Mock<IMediaEncoder>();
+        encoder.Setup(x => x.SupportsBitStreamFilterWithOption(It.IsAny<BitStreamFilterOptionType>())).Returns(supportsRemoval);
+        encoder.Setup(x => x.SupportsFilter("tonemapx")).Returns(true);
+        encoder.SetupGet(x => x.EncoderVersion).Returns(new Version(8, 1));
+
+        return new EncodingHelper(
+            Mock.Of<IApplicationPaths>(),
+            encoder.Object,
+            Mock.Of<ISubtitleEncoder>(),
+            Mock.Of<IConfiguration>(),
+            Mock.Of<IConfigurationManager>(),
+            Mock.Of<IPathManager>());
+    }
+}

tests/Jellyfin.Controller.Tests/MediaEncoding/EncodingHelperInferAudioCodecTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+using MediaBrowser.Common.Configuration;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.IO;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.MediaEncoding;
+using Moq;
+using Xunit;
+using IConfiguration = Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration.IConfiguration;
+
+namespace Jellyfin.Controller.Tests.MediaEncoding;
+
+public class EncodingHelperInferAudioCodecTests
+{
+    [Theory]
+    // Manifests and other containers that carry no inferable audio codec.
+    [InlineData("m3u8", "aac")]
+    [InlineData("mpd", "aac")]
+    [InlineData("wtv", "aac")]
+    [InlineData("", "aac")]
+    // Containers with a well known audio codec.
+    [InlineData("mp4", "aac")]
+    [InlineData("mkv", "aac")]
+    [InlineData("webm", "opus")]
+    [InlineData("ts", "mp3")]
+    // Containers named after the codec they carry.
+    [InlineData("flac", "flac")]
+    [InlineData("opus", "opus")]
+    [InlineData("ac3", "ac3")]
+    public void InferAudioCodec_ReturnsAnAudioCodec(string container, string expected)
+    {
+        Assert.Equal(expected, Create().InferAudioCodec(container));
+    }
+
+    private static EncodingHelper Create()
+        => new(
+            Mock.Of<IApplicationPaths>(),
+            Mock.Of<IMediaEncoder>(),
+            Mock.Of<ISubtitleEncoder>(),
+            Mock.Of<IConfiguration>(),
+            Mock.Of<IConfigurationManager>(),
+            Mock.Of<IPathManager>());
+}

tests/Jellyfin.Drawing.Skia.Tests/SkiaEncoderSharpenTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+using SkiaSharp;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Jellyfin.Drawing.Skia.Tests;
+
+public class SkiaEncoderSharpenTests
+{
+    private static SKBitmap CreateBitmap(int width, int height, SKColor fill)
+    {
+        var bitmap = new SKBitmap(new SKImageInfo(width, height, SKColorType.Rgba8888, SKAlphaType.Premul));
+        using var canvas = new SKCanvas(bitmap);
+        canvas.Clear(fill);
+        return bitmap;
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void SharpenInPlace_UniformImage_IsUnchanged()
+    {
+        // 1.4 * v - 4 * 0.1 * v = v for any uniform value.
+        using var bitmap = CreateBitmap(8, 8, new SKColor(100, 150, 200));
+
+        SkiaEncoder.SharpenInPlace(bitmap);
+
+        for (var y = 0; y < bitmap.Height; y++)
+        {
+            for (var x = 0; x < bitmap.Width; x++)
+            {
+                Assert.Equal(new SKColor(100, 150, 200), bitmap.GetPixel(x, y));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void SharpenInPlace_BrightPixelOnDarkBackground_SharpensEdge()
+    {
+        using var bitmap = CreateBitmap(5, 5, new SKColor(50, 50, 50));
+        bitmap.SetPixel(2, 2, new SKColor(250, 250, 250, 255));
+
+        SkiaEncoder.SharpenInPlace(bitmap);
+
+        // Center: 1.4 * 250 - 0.1 * 4 * 50 = 330 -> clamped to 255.
+        Assert.Equal(new SKColor(255, 255, 255), bitmap.GetPixel(2, 2));
+        // Direct neighbor: 1.4 * 50 - 0.1 * (250 + 3 * 50) = 30.
+        Assert.Equal(new SKColor(30, 30, 30), bitmap.GetPixel(1, 2));
+        // Far corner is only surrounded by background: unchanged.
+        Assert.Equal(new SKColor(50, 50, 50), bitmap.GetPixel(0, 0));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void SharpenInPlace_EdgePixels_ClampOutOfBoundsTaps()
+    {
+        // A corner pixel reuses itself for the two out-of-bounds taps:
+        // 1.4 * v - 0.1 * (2 * v + right + down).
+        using var bitmap = CreateBitmap(3, 3, new SKColor(100, 100, 100));
+        bitmap.SetPixel(0, 0, new SKColor(200, 200, 200, 255));
+
+        SkiaEncoder.SharpenInPlace(bitmap);
+
+        // 1.4 * 200 - 0.1 * (200 + 200 + 100 + 100) = 220.
+        Assert.Equal(new SKColor(220, 220, 220), bitmap.GetPixel(0, 0));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void SharpenInPlace_UnsupportedColorType_IsLeftUntouched()
+    {
+        using var bitmap = new SKBitmap(new SKImageInfo(4, 4, SKColorType.Gray8, SKAlphaType.Opaque));
+        bitmap.Erase(new SKColor(80, 80, 80));
+
+        SkiaEncoder.SharpenInPlace(bitmap);
+
+        Assert.Equal(80, bitmap.GetPixel(1, 1).Red);
+    }
+}

tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/M3UTunerHostTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Net.Http;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Jellyfin.LiveTv.TunerHosts;
+using MediaBrowser.Common.Net;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.Configuration;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.Library;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.LiveTv;
+using MediaBrowser.Model.Dto;
+using MediaBrowser.Model.IO;
+using MediaBrowser.Model.LiveTv;
+using MediaBrowser.Model.MediaInfo;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
+using Moq;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests
+{
+    public class M3UTunerHostTests
+    {
+        [Theory]
+        // A manifest is not a byte stream, so it must never be offered for direct play.
+        [InlineData("http://example.com/live/1234.m3u8", false)]
+        [InlineData("http://example.com/live/1234.m3u8?token=abc", false)]
+        [InlineData("http://example.com/live/1234.mpd", false)]
+        // Byte streams are unaffected.
+        [InlineData("http://example.com/live/1234.ts", true)]
+        [InlineData("http://example.com/live/1234", true)]
+        public async Task GetChannelStreamMediaSources_ManifestPath_DisablesDirectPlay(string path, bool expectDirectPlay)
+        {
+            var mediaSourceManager = new Mock<IMediaSourceManager>();
+            mediaSourceManager.Setup(x => x.GetPathProtocol(It.IsAny<string>())).Returns(MediaProtocol.Http);
+
+            var host = new TestableM3UTunerHost(
+                Mock.Of<IServerConfigurationManager>(),
+                mediaSourceManager.Object,
+                Mock.Of<ILogger<M3UTunerHost>>(),
+                Mock.Of<IFileSystem>(),
+                Mock.Of<IHttpClientFactory>(),
+                Mock.Of<IServerApplicationHost>(),
+                Mock.Of<INetworkManager>(),
+                Mock.Of<IStreamHelper>());
+
+            var sources = await host.GetMediaSources(
+                new TunerHostInfo { TunerCount = 0, EnableStreamLooping = false },
+                new ChannelInfo { Path = path });
+
+            Assert.Equal(expectDirectPlay, sources[0].SupportsDirectPlay);
+        }
+
+        private sealed class TestableM3UTunerHost : M3UTunerHost
+        {
+            public TestableM3UTunerHost(
+                IServerConfigurationManager config,
+                IMediaSourceManager mediaSourceManager,
+                ILogger<M3UTunerHost> logger,
+                IFileSystem fileSystem,
+                IHttpClientFactory httpClientFactory,
+                IServerApplicationHost appHost,
+                INetworkManager networkManager,
+                IStreamHelper streamHelper)
+                : base(config, mediaSourceManager, logger, fileSystem, httpClientFactory, appHost, networkManager, streamHelper)
+            {
+            }
+
+            public Task<List<MediaSourceInfo>> GetMediaSources(TunerHostInfo tuner, ChannelInfo channel)
+                => GetChannelStreamMediaSources(tuner, channel, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+    }
+}

tests/Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Tests/Encoder/ProcessWrapperTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+using System;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.Configuration;
+using MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Encoder;
+using MediaBrowser.Model.Globalization;
+using MediaBrowser.Model.IO;
+using MediaBrowser.Model.MediaInfo;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
+using Moq;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Tests.Encoder;
+
+public class ProcessWrapperTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ExitedProcess_StaysUsableForTheCallerThatStartedIt()
+    {
+        using var process = CreateProcess();
+        using var exitHandled = new ManualResetEventSlim(false);
+
+        using (var wrapper = new MediaEncoder.ProcessWrapper(process, CreateEncoder()))
+        {
+            // Subscribed after the wrapper, so by the time this is set the wrapper's own handler has
+            // already run: whatever it does to the process has happened.
+            process.Exited += (_, _) => exitHandled.Set();
+
+            process.Start();
+            await process.WaitForExitAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(true);
+
+            Assert.True(exitHandled.Wait(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(15), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken), "The process never raised Exited.");
+
+            // The caller still owns the process here. Disposing it from the exit handler handed
+            // whoever exited quickest an ObjectDisposedException out of these three lines.
+            var output = await process.StandardOutput.ReadToEndAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(true);
+            Assert.Equal("jellyfin", output.Trim());
+
+            Assert.True(wrapper.HasExited);
+            Assert.Equal(3, wrapper.ExitCode);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ExitState_IsReadableBeforeTheExitEventArrives()
+    {
+        using var process = CreateProcess();
+
+        using (var wrapper = new MediaEncoder.ProcessWrapper(process, CreateEncoder()))
+        {
+            process.Start();
+            await process.WaitForExitAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(true);
+
+            // The exit event is raised on the thread pool and can lag behind the wait that just
+            // returned, so neither of these may depend on it having arrived.
+            Assert.True(wrapper.HasExited);
+            Assert.Equal(3, wrapper.ExitCode);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ExitCode_SurvivesDisposal()
+    {
+        using var process = CreateProcess();
+        var wrapper = new MediaEncoder.ProcessWrapper(process, CreateEncoder());
+
+        process.Start();
+        await process.WaitForExitAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(true);
+
+        var exitCode = wrapper.ExitCode;
+        wrapper.Dispose();
+
+        Assert.Equal(exitCode, wrapper.ExitCode);
+        Assert.True(wrapper.HasExited);
+    }
+
+    private static MediaEncoder CreateEncoder()
+        => new(
+            Mock.Of<ILogger<MediaEncoder>>(),
+            Mock.Of<IServerConfigurationManager>(),
+            Mock.Of<IFileSystem>(),
+            Mock.Of<IBlurayExaminer>(),
+            Mock.Of<ILocalizationManager>(),
+            new ConfigurationBuilder().Build(),
+            Mock.Of<IServerConfigurationManager>());
+
+    // Writes to stdout and exits immediately with a non-zero code, standing in for the ffprobe that
+    // rejects a file outright - the process that used to win the race against its own caller.
+    private static Process CreateProcess()
+    {
+        var startInfo = OperatingSystem.IsWindows()
+            ? new ProcessStartInfo("cmd.exe", "/c echo jellyfin & exit 3")
+            : new ProcessStartInfo("/bin/sh", "-c \"printf 'jellyfin\\n'; exit 3\"");
+
+        startInfo.CreateNoWindow = true;
+        startInfo.UseShellExecute = false;
+        startInfo.RedirectStandardOutput = true;
+
+        return new Process { StartInfo = startInfo, EnableRaisingEvents = true };
+    }
+}

tests/Jellyfin.Model.Tests/Dlna/StreamBuilderManifestContainerTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+using System;
+using Jellyfin.Data.Enums;
+using MediaBrowser.Model.Dlna;
+using MediaBrowser.Model.Dto;
+using MediaBrowser.Model.Entities;
+using MediaBrowser.Model.MediaInfo;
+using MediaBrowser.Model.Session;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging.Abstractions;
+using Moq;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Jellyfin.Model.Tests.Dlna;
+
+public class StreamBuilderManifestContainerTests
+{
+    [Theory]
+    // A manifest describes a stream instead of carrying one, so it can never be direct played,
+    // even when the client claims to support the container.
+    [InlineData("hls")]
+    [InlineData("hls,applehttp")]
+    [InlineData("applehttp")]
+    [InlineData("dash")]
+    public void GetOptimalVideoStream_ManifestContainer_DoesNotDirectPlay(string container)
+    {
+        var streamInfo = BuildFor(container);
+
+        Assert.NotNull(streamInfo);
+        Assert.Equal(PlayMethod.Transcode, streamInfo.PlayMethod);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetOptimalVideoStream_ByteStreamContainer_StillDirectPlays()
+    {
+        var streamInfo = BuildFor("mp4");
+
+        Assert.NotNull(streamInfo);
+        Assert.Equal(PlayMethod.DirectPlay, streamInfo.PlayMethod);
+    }
+
+    private static StreamInfo? BuildFor(string container)
+    {
+        var mediaSource = new MediaSourceInfo
+        {
+            Id = "test-source",
+            Path = "http://example.com/live/channel",
+            Protocol = MediaProtocol.Http,
+            Container = container,
+            SupportsDirectPlay = true,
+            SupportsDirectStream = true,
+            SupportsTranscoding = true,
+            IsInfiniteStream = true,
+            IsRemote = true,
+            MediaStreams =
+            [
+                new MediaStream { Type = MediaStreamType.Video, Index = 0, Codec = "h264" },
+                new MediaStream { Type = MediaStreamType.Audio, Index = 1, Codec = "aac" }
+            ]
+        };
+
+        var profile = new DeviceProfile
+        {
+            Name = "Manifest aware client",
+            DirectPlayProfiles =
+            [
+                new DirectPlayProfile
+                {
+                    Type = DlnaProfileType.Video,
+                    Container = "mp4,hls,applehttp,dash",
+                    VideoCodec = "h264",
+                    AudioCodec = "aac"
+                }
+            ],
+            TranscodingProfiles =
+            [
+                new TranscodingProfile
+                {
+                    Type = DlnaProfileType.Video,
+                    Context = EncodingContext.Streaming,
+                    Protocol = MediaStreamProtocol.hls,
+                    Container = "ts",
+                    VideoCodec = "h264",
+                    AudioCodec = "aac"
+                }
+            ]
+        };
+
+        var options = new MediaOptions
+        {
+            ItemId = new Guid("11D229B7-2D48-4B95-9F9B-49F6AB75E613"),
+            MediaSourceId = mediaSource.Id,
+            MediaSources = [mediaSource],
+            DeviceId = "test-deviceId",
+            Profile = profile,
+            AllowAudioStreamCopy = true,
+            AllowVideoStreamCopy = true,
+            EnableDirectStream = false // This is disabled in server
+        };
+
+        var transcodeSupport = new Mock<ITranscoderSupport>();
+
+        return new StreamBuilder(transcodeSupport.Object, new NullLogger<StreamBuilderManifestContainerTests>())
+            .GetOptimalVideoStream(options);
+    }
+}

tests/Jellyfin.Model.Tests/Entities/MediaStreamVideoRangeTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+using Jellyfin.Data.Enums;
+using MediaBrowser.Model.Entities;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Jellyfin.Model.Tests.Entities;
+
+public class MediaStreamVideoRangeTests
+{
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(7, 6, "smpte2084", false, VideoRangeType.DOVIWithEL)]
+    [InlineData(7, 6, "smpte2084", true, VideoRangeType.DOVIWithELHDR10Plus)]
+    [InlineData(8, 1, "smpte2084", false, VideoRangeType.DOVIWithHDR10)]
+    [InlineData(8, 1, "smpte2084", true, VideoRangeType.DOVIWithHDR10Plus)]
+    [InlineData(8, 4, "arib-std-b67", false, VideoRangeType.DOVIWithHLG)]
+    [InlineData(10, 1, "smpte2084", false, VideoRangeType.DOVIWithHDR10)]
+    [InlineData(10, 1, "smpte2084", true, VideoRangeType.DOVIWithHDR10Plus)]
+    [InlineData(10, 4, "arib-std-b67", false, VideoRangeType.DOVIWithHLG)]
+    [InlineData(8, 1, "SMPTE2084", false, VideoRangeType.DOVIWithHDR10)]
+    [InlineData(8, 4, "ARIB-STD-B67", false, VideoRangeType.DOVIWithHLG)]
+    public void GetVideoColorRange_ValidDovi_PreservesRangeType(
+        int profile, int compatibilityId, string transfer, bool hdr10Plus, VideoRangeType expected)
+    {
+        var stream = CreateDovi(profile, compatibilityId, "BT2020NC", transfer, "BT2020", hdr10Plus);
+
+        Assert.Equal((VideoRange.HDR, expected), stream.GetVideoColorRange());
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("bt709", "bt709", "bt709", VideoRange.SDR)]
+    [InlineData("bt2020nc", "bt709", "bt2020", VideoRange.SDR)]
+    [InlineData("bt2020nc", null, "bt2020", VideoRange.SDR)]
+    [InlineData("bt2020nc", "", "bt2020", VideoRange.SDR)]
+    [InlineData("bt2020nc", "unknown", "bt2020", VideoRange.SDR)]
+    [InlineData("bt2020nc", "bt2020-10", "bt2020", VideoRange.SDR)]
+    [InlineData(null, null, null, VideoRange.SDR)]
+    [InlineData("bt709", "smpte2084", "bt2020", VideoRange.HDR)]
+    [InlineData("bt2020nc", "smpte2084", "bt709", VideoRange.HDR)]
+    [InlineData(null, "smpte2084", "bt2020", VideoRange.HDR)]
+    [InlineData("bt2020nc", "smpte2084", null, VideoRange.HDR)]
+    [InlineData("bt709", "arib-std-b67", "bt2020", VideoRange.HDR)]
+    [InlineData("bt2020nc", "arib-std-b67", "bt709", VideoRange.HDR)]
+    [InlineData(null, "arib-std-b67", "bt2020", VideoRange.HDR)]
+    [InlineData("bt2020nc", "arib-std-b67", null, VideoRange.HDR)]
+    public void GetVideoColorRange_InvalidDoviColors_UsesBaseLayerRange(
+        string? space, string? transfer, string? primaries, VideoRange expected)
+    {
+        // Cover every HDR-compatible DV profile, including the HDR10+ variants.
+        foreach (var (profile, compatibilityId) in new[] { (7, 6), (8, 1), (8, 4), (10, 1), (10, 4) })
+        {
+            foreach (var hdr10Plus in new[] { false, true })
+            {
+                var stream = CreateDovi(profile, compatibilityId, space, transfer, primaries, hdr10Plus);
+
+                Assert.Equal(expected, stream.VideoRange);
+                Assert.Equal(VideoRangeType.DOVIInvalid, stream.VideoRangeType);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(7, 6, "arib-std-b67")]
+    [InlineData(8, 1, "arib-std-b67")]
+    [InlineData(8, 4, "smpte2084")]
+    [InlineData(10, 1, "arib-std-b67")]
+    [InlineData(10, 4, "smpte2084")]
+    public void GetVideoColorRange_WrongHdrTransfer_InvalidButStillHdr(int profile, int compatibilityId, string transfer)
+    {
+        var stream = CreateDovi(profile, compatibilityId, "bt2020nc", transfer, "bt2020", true);
+
+        Assert.Equal((VideoRange.HDR, VideoRangeType.DOVIInvalid), stream.GetVideoColorRange());
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(5, 0, null, VideoRange.HDR, VideoRangeType.DOVI)]
+    [InlineData(10, 0, null, VideoRange.HDR, VideoRangeType.DOVI)]
+    [InlineData(8, 2, "bt709", VideoRange.SDR, VideoRangeType.DOVIWithSDR)]
+    [InlineData(10, 2, "bt709", VideoRange.SDR, VideoRangeType.DOVIWithSDR)]
+    public void GetVideoColorRange_OtherDoviProfiles_PreservesClassification(
+        int profile, int compatibilityId, string? transfer, VideoRange range, VideoRangeType rangeType)
+    {
+        var stream = CreateDovi(profile, compatibilityId, "bt709", transfer, "bt709", false);
+
+        Assert.Equal((range, rangeType), stream.GetVideoColorRange());
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(8, null, VideoRange.SDR)]
+    [InlineData(8, "bt709", VideoRange.SDR)]
+    [InlineData(8, "smpte2084", VideoRange.HDR)]
+    [InlineData(10, null, VideoRange.SDR)]
+    [InlineData(10, "arib-std-b67", VideoRange.HDR)]
+    public void GetVideoColorRange_InvalidCompatibilityId_UsesBaseLayerRange(int profile, string? transfer, VideoRange expected)
+    {
+        var stream = CreateDovi(profile, 6, "bt2020nc", transfer, "bt2020", false);
+
+        Assert.Equal((expected, VideoRangeType.DOVIInvalid), stream.GetVideoColorRange());
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("bt709", false, VideoRange.SDR, VideoRangeType.SDR)]
+    [InlineData(null, false, VideoRange.SDR, VideoRangeType.SDR)]
+    [InlineData("smpte2084", false, VideoRange.HDR, VideoRangeType.HDR10)]
+    [InlineData("smpte2084", true, VideoRange.HDR, VideoRangeType.HDR10Plus)]
+    [InlineData("arib-std-b67", false, VideoRange.HDR, VideoRangeType.HLG)]
+    public void GetVideoColorRange_WithoutDovi_PreservesClassification(
+        string? transfer, bool hdr10Plus, VideoRange range, VideoRangeType rangeType)
+    {
+        var stream = new MediaStream { Type = MediaStreamType.Video, ColorTransfer = transfer, Hdr10PlusPresentFlag = hdr10Plus };
+
+        Assert.Equal((range, rangeType), stream.GetVideoColorRange());
+        stream.Type = MediaStreamType.Audio;
+        Assert.Equal((VideoRange.Unknown, VideoRangeType.Unknown), stream.GetVideoColorRange());
+    }
+
+    private static MediaStream CreateDovi(int profile, int compatibilityId, string? space, string? transfer, string? primaries, bool hdr10Plus)
+        => new()
+        {
+            Type = MediaStreamType.Video,
+            DvProfile = profile,
+            DvBlSignalCompatibilityId = compatibilityId,
+            RpuPresentFlag = 1,
+            BlPresentFlag = 1,
+            ElPresentFlag = profile == 7 ? 1 : 0,
+            ColorSpace = space,
+            ColorTransfer = transfer,
+            ColorPrimaries = primaries,
+            Hdr10PlusPresentFlag = hdr10Plus
+        };
+}

tests/Jellyfin.Naming.Tests/TV/MultiEpisodeTests.cs

@@ -74,6 +74,9 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Naming.Tests.TV
         [InlineData("Season 5/S05E23 11-59 [HDTV-1080p][x265 AC3].mkv", null)]
         [InlineData("Season 5/S05E23 11-59 [HDTV-1080p][HEVC AC3].mkv", null)]
         [InlineData("Season 1/S01E01 1-23-45 [Bluray-1080p][AV1 Opus].mkv", null)]
+        // Episode markers in the episode title must not be read as an episode range
+        [InlineData("Season 03/Star Trek Enterprise (2001) - S03E21 - E2 (1080p BluRay x265).mkv", null)]
+        [InlineData("Season 02/Series Name (2001) - S02E10 - E5 [WEBRip-1080p].mkv", null)]
         public void TestGetEndingEpisodeNumberFromFile(string filename, int? endingEpisodeNumber)
         {
             var result = _episodePathParser.Parse(filename, false);

tests/Jellyfin.Providers.Tests/Manager/ProviderManagerTests.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using System;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Net.Http;
@@ -377,6 +378,116 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Providers.Tests.Manager
             GetMetadataProviders_CanRefreshMetadata_Tester(providerType, expected, ownedItem: true);
         }
 
+        [Fact]
+        public async Task QueueRefresh_ManyItemsQueuedFromManyThreads_ProcessesEveryOne()
+        {
+            const int ItemCount = 2000;
+
+            var queued = Enumerable.Range(0, ItemCount).Select(_ => Guid.NewGuid()).ToArray();
+            var processed = new ConcurrentBag<Guid>();
+            var allProcessed = new TaskCompletionSource(TaskCreationOptions.RunContinuationsAsynchronously);
+
+            var libraryManager = new Mock<ILibraryManager>();
+            libraryManager.Setup(i => i.GetItemById(It.IsAny<Guid>()))
+                .Returns((Guid id) =>
+                {
+                    // Returning null drains the entry without the whole refresh machinery.
+                    processed.Add(id);
+                    if (processed.Count == ItemCount)
+                    {
+                        allProcessed.TrySetResult();
+                    }
+
+                    return null;
+                });
+
+            using var providerManager = GetProviderManager(libraryManager: libraryManager.Object);
+
+            await Parallel.ForEachAsync(
+                queued,
+                TestContext.Current.CancellationToken,
+                (id, _) =>
+                {
+                    providerManager.QueueRefresh(id, new MetadataRefreshOptions(Mock.Of<IDirectoryService>()), RefreshPriority.Normal);
+                    return ValueTask.CompletedTask;
+                });
+
+            using var timeout = CancellationTokenSource.CreateLinkedTokenSource(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+            timeout.CancelAfter(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30));
+
+            try
+            {
+                await allProcessed.Task.WaitAsync(timeout.Token);
+            }
+            catch (OperationCanceledException)
+            {
+                // Fall through so the assertions report what was lost.
+            }
+
+            Assert.Empty(providerManager.GetRefreshQueue());
+            Assert.Equal(queued.Order().ToArray(), processed.Order().ToArray());
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public async Task QueueRefresh_RefreshCancelsForItsOwnReasons_KeepsDrainingTheQueue()
+        {
+            // A provider timeout arrives as an OperationCanceledException, indistinguishable from
+            // a shutdown; treating it as one would strand the rest of the queue.
+            const int ItemCount = 200;
+
+            var queued = Enumerable.Range(0, ItemCount).Select(_ => Guid.NewGuid()).ToArray();
+            var processed = new ConcurrentBag<Guid>();
+            var allProcessed = new TaskCompletionSource(TaskCreationOptions.RunContinuationsAsynchronously);
+            using var allQueued = new ManualResetEventSlim(false);
+            var cancelledOnce = false;
+
+            var libraryManager = new Mock<ILibraryManager>();
+            libraryManager.Setup(i => i.GetItemById(It.IsAny<Guid>()))
+                .Returns((Guid id) =>
+                {
+                    if (!cancelledOnce)
+                    {
+                        cancelledOnce = true;
+
+                        // Hold the first entry until the whole batch is queued.
+                        allQueued.Wait(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30));
+                        throw new OperationCanceledException("provider timed out");
+                    }
+
+                    processed.Add(id);
+                    if (processed.Count == ItemCount - 1)
+                    {
+                        allProcessed.TrySetResult();
+                    }
+
+                    return null;
+                });
+
+            using var providerManager = GetProviderManager(libraryManager: libraryManager.Object);
+
+            foreach (var id in queued)
+            {
+                providerManager.QueueRefresh(id, new MetadataRefreshOptions(Mock.Of<IDirectoryService>()), RefreshPriority.Normal);
+            }
+
+            allQueued.Set();
+
+            using var timeout = CancellationTokenSource.CreateLinkedTokenSource(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+            timeout.CancelAfter(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30));
+
+            try
+            {
+                await allProcessed.Task.WaitAsync(timeout.Token);
+            }
+            catch (OperationCanceledException)
+            {
+                // Fall through so the assertions report what was stranded.
+            }
+
+            Assert.Empty(providerManager.GetRefreshQueue());
+            Assert.Equal(ItemCount - 1, processed.Count);
+        }
+
         private static void GetMetadataProviders_CanRefreshMetadata_Tester(
             string providerType,
             bool expected,
@@ -554,15 +665,20 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Providers.Tests.Manager
         private static ProviderManager GetProviderManager(
             ServerConfiguration? serverConfiguration = null,
             LibraryOptions? libraryOptions = null,
-            IBaseItemManager? baseItemManager = null)
+            IBaseItemManager? baseItemManager = null,
+            ILibraryManager? libraryManager = null)
         {
             var serverConfigurationManager = new Mock<IServerConfigurationManager>(MockBehavior.Strict);
             serverConfigurationManager.Setup(i => i.Configuration)
                 .Returns(serverConfiguration ?? new ServerConfiguration());
 
-            var libraryManager = new Mock<ILibraryManager>(MockBehavior.Strict);
-            libraryManager.Setup(i => i.GetLibraryOptions(It.IsAny<BaseItem>()))
-                .Returns(libraryOptions ?? new LibraryOptions());
+            if (libraryManager is null)
+            {
+                var libraryManagerMock = new Mock<ILibraryManager>(MockBehavior.Strict);
+                libraryManagerMock.Setup(i => i.GetLibraryOptions(It.IsAny<BaseItem>()))
+                    .Returns(libraryOptions ?? new LibraryOptions());
+                libraryManager = libraryManagerMock.Object;
+            }
 
             var providerManager = new ProviderManager(
                 Mock.Of<IHttpClientFactory>(),
@@ -572,7 +688,7 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Providers.Tests.Manager
                 _logger,
                 Mock.Of<IFileSystem>(),
                 Mock.Of<IServerApplicationPaths>(),
-                libraryManager.Object,
+                libraryManager,
                 baseItemManager!,
                 Mock.Of<ILyricManager>(),
                 Mock.Of<IMemoryCache>(),

tests/Jellyfin.Providers.Tests/MediaInfo/MediaInfoResolverTests.cs

@@ -179,6 +179,146 @@ public class MediaInfoResolverTests
         Assert.Empty(streams);
     }
 
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetExternalFiles_VobSubIdxAndSubPair_OnlyReturnsIdxFile()
+    {
+        // VobSub (.sub) payloads only carry per-track language metadata when read
+        // alongside their paired .idx index file. When both are present, only the
+        // .idx file should be returned so it (not the raw .sub) gets probed.
+        BaseItem.MediaSourceManager = Mock.Of<IMediaSourceManager>();
+
+        var video = new Movie
+        {
+            Path = VideoDirectoryPath + "/My.Video.mkv"
+        };
+
+        var directoryService = new Mock<IDirectoryService>(MockBehavior.Strict);
+        directoryService.Setup(ds => ds.GetFilePaths(It.IsRegex(VideoDirectoryRegex), It.IsAny<bool>()))
+            .Returns(new[] { VideoDirectoryPath + "/My.Video.idx", VideoDirectoryPath + "/My.Video.sub" });
+        directoryService.Setup(ds => ds.GetFilePaths(It.IsRegex(MetadataDirectoryRegex), It.IsAny<bool>()))
+            .Returns(Array.Empty<string>());
+
+        var streams = _subtitleResolver.GetExternalFiles(video, directoryService.Object, false).ToList();
+
+        var stream = Assert.Single(streams);
+        Assert.EndsWith(".idx", stream.Path, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetExternalFiles_VobSubIdxWithoutMatchingSub_DoesNotReturnIdxFile()
+    {
+        // An .idx file with no paired .sub cannot be probed for anything, so it must be
+        // left out entirely rather than surfaced as a doomed-to-fail probe candidate.
+        // Surfacing it anyway would also make it "exist" from Jellyfin's perspective
+        // even after the real .sub is deleted, preventing stale subtitle stream data
+        // from ever being cleared on a rescan.
+        BaseItem.MediaSourceManager = Mock.Of<IMediaSourceManager>();
+
+        var video = new Movie
+        {
+            Path = VideoDirectoryPath + "/My.Video.mkv"
+        };
+
+        var directoryService = GetDirectoryServiceForExternalFile("My.Video.idx");
+        var streams = _subtitleResolver.GetExternalFiles(video, directoryService, false).ToList();
+
+        Assert.Empty(streams);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetExternalFiles_StandaloneSubWithoutIdx_StillReturnsSubFile()
+    {
+        // Guards against the .idx/.sub pairing suppression firing when there is no
+        // .idx sidecar at all - a lone .sub file must still be returned.
+        BaseItem.MediaSourceManager = Mock.Of<IMediaSourceManager>();
+
+        var video = new Movie
+        {
+            Path = VideoDirectoryPath + "/My.Video.mkv"
+        };
+
+        var directoryService = GetDirectoryServiceForExternalFile("My.Video.sub");
+        var streams = _subtitleResolver.GetExternalFiles(video, directoryService, false).ToList();
+
+        var stream = Assert.Single(streams);
+        Assert.EndsWith(".sub", stream.Path, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetExternalFiles_VobSubIdxAndSubInDifferentDirectories_DoesNotPair()
+    {
+        // A same-named .idx and .sub split across the video folder and the internal
+        // metadata folder cannot be paired by ffprobe (it only looks next to the .idx),
+        // so the .sub must still be returned, but the orphaned .idx (no sibling .sub in
+        // its own directory) must be left out since it cannot be probed.
+        BaseItem.MediaSourceManager = Mock.Of<IMediaSourceManager>();
+
+        var video = new Movie
+        {
+            Path = VideoDirectoryPath + "/My.Video.mkv"
+        };
+
+        var directoryService = new Mock<IDirectoryService>(MockBehavior.Strict);
+        directoryService.Setup(ds => ds.GetFilePaths(It.IsRegex(VideoDirectoryRegex), It.IsAny<bool>()))
+            .Returns(new[] { VideoDirectoryPath + "/My.Video.sub" });
+        directoryService.Setup(ds => ds.GetFilePaths(It.IsRegex(MetadataDirectoryRegex), It.IsAny<bool>()))
+            .Returns(new[] { MetadataDirectoryPath + "/My.Video.idx" });
+
+        var streams = _subtitleResolver.GetExternalFiles(video, directoryService.Object, false).ToList();
+
+        var stream = Assert.Single(streams);
+        Assert.EndsWith(".sub", stream.Path, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetExternalFiles_VobSubIdxAndSubWithMatchingLanguageFlag_SuppressesSub()
+    {
+        // A .idx/.sub pair sharing the same filename flags (e.g. a language token) should
+        // still pair and suppress the .sub, just like an unflagged pair.
+        BaseItem.MediaSourceManager = Mock.Of<IMediaSourceManager>();
+
+        var video = new Movie
+        {
+            Path = VideoDirectoryPath + "/My.Video.mkv"
+        };
+
+        var directoryService = new Mock<IDirectoryService>(MockBehavior.Strict);
+        directoryService.Setup(ds => ds.GetFilePaths(It.IsRegex(VideoDirectoryRegex), It.IsAny<bool>()))
+            .Returns(new[] { VideoDirectoryPath + "/My.Video.en.idx", VideoDirectoryPath + "/My.Video.en.sub" });
+        directoryService.Setup(ds => ds.GetFilePaths(It.IsRegex(MetadataDirectoryRegex), It.IsAny<bool>()))
+            .Returns(Array.Empty<string>());
+
+        var streams = _subtitleResolver.GetExternalFiles(video, directoryService.Object, false).ToList();
+
+        var stream = Assert.Single(streams);
+        Assert.EndsWith(".idx", stream.Path, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetExternalFiles_VobSubIdxAndSubWithMismatchedNames_DoesNotPair()
+    {
+        // An .idx and .sub with different basenames (e.g. differing filename flags) are not
+        // a pair ffprobe would resolve. The .sub must still be returned, but the orphaned
+        // .idx (no same-named sibling .sub) must be left out since it cannot be probed.
+        BaseItem.MediaSourceManager = Mock.Of<IMediaSourceManager>();
+
+        var video = new Movie
+        {
+            Path = VideoDirectoryPath + "/My.Video.mkv"
+        };
+
+        var directoryService = new Mock<IDirectoryService>(MockBehavior.Strict);
+        directoryService.Setup(ds => ds.GetFilePaths(It.IsRegex(VideoDirectoryRegex), It.IsAny<bool>()))
+            .Returns(new[] { VideoDirectoryPath + "/My.Video.idx", VideoDirectoryPath + "/My.Video.en.sub" });
+        directoryService.Setup(ds => ds.GetFilePaths(It.IsRegex(MetadataDirectoryRegex), It.IsAny<bool>()))
+            .Returns(Array.Empty<string>());
+
+        var streams = _subtitleResolver.GetExternalFiles(video, directoryService.Object, false).ToList();
+
+        var stream = Assert.Single(streams);
+        Assert.EndsWith(".sub", stream.Path, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+    }
+
     [Theory]
     [InlineData("https://url.com/My.Video.mkv")]
     [InlineData(VideoDirectoryPath)] // valid but no files found for this test

tests/Jellyfin.Providers.Tests/TV/EpisodeMetadataServiceTests.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using System;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.Configuration;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.Entities;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.Entities.TV;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.IO;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.Library;
@@ -15,9 +16,23 @@ using Xunit;
 
 namespace Jellyfin.Providers.Tests.TV;
 
-public class EpisodeMetadataServiceTests
+// put tests that mock the static LibraryManager in the same collection to avoid test interference
+[Collection("LibraryManagerTests")]
+public sealed class EpisodeMetadataServiceTests : IDisposable
 {
     private readonly TestEpisodeMetadataService _service = new();
+    private readonly ILibraryManager? _previousLibraryManager;
+
+    public EpisodeMetadataServiceTests()
+    {
+        _previousLibraryManager = BaseItem.LibraryManager;
+        BaseItem.LibraryManager = Mock.Of<ILibraryManager>();
+    }
+
+    public void Dispose()
+    {
+        BaseItem.LibraryManager = _previousLibraryManager;
+    }
 
     [Fact]
     public void MergeData_ProviderSeasonOverridesPathDerivedSeason()
@@ -88,6 +103,59 @@ public class EpisodeMetadataServiceTests
         Assert.Equal(1, target.Item.ParentIndexNumber);
     }
 
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(2, 1)]
+    [InlineData(22, 21)]
+    [InlineData(21, 2)] // e.g. "Series - S03E21 - E2 (1080p BluRay x265).mkv", where "E2" is the episode title
+    public void BeforeSave_ReversedEpisodeRange_ClearsIndexNumberEnd(int indexNumber, int indexNumberEnd)
+    {
+        var item = new Episode
+        {
+            IndexNumber = indexNumber,
+            IndexNumberEnd = indexNumberEnd
+        };
+
+        var updateType = _service.BeforeSave(item);
+
+        // The episode number identifies the item, so it is kept and the impossible range is dropped
+        Assert.Equal(indexNumber, item.IndexNumber);
+        Assert.Null(item.IndexNumberEnd);
+        Assert.True(updateType.HasFlag(ItemUpdateType.MetadataImport));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void BeforeSave_EpisodeRangeWithoutStart_ClearsIndexNumberEnd()
+    {
+        var item = new Episode
+        {
+            IndexNumber = null,
+            IndexNumberEnd = 2
+        };
+
+        var updateType = _service.BeforeSave(item);
+
+        Assert.Null(item.IndexNumberEnd);
+        Assert.Null(item.IndexNumber);
+        Assert.True(updateType.HasFlag(ItemUpdateType.MetadataImport));
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(1, 2)] // Regular multi episode file
+    [InlineData(1, 1)] // Degenerate but not contradictory
+    public void BeforeSave_ValidEpisodeRange_KeepsIndexNumberEnd(int indexNumber, int indexNumberEnd)
+    {
+        var item = new Episode
+        {
+            IndexNumber = indexNumber,
+            IndexNumberEnd = indexNumberEnd
+        };
+
+        _service.BeforeSave(item);
+
+        Assert.Equal(indexNumber, item.IndexNumber);
+        Assert.Equal(indexNumberEnd, item.IndexNumberEnd);
+    }
+
     private sealed class TestEpisodeMetadataService : EpisodeMetadataService
     {
         public TestEpisodeMetadataService()
@@ -106,5 +174,10 @@ public class EpisodeMetadataServiceTests
         {
             MergeData(source, target, Array.Empty<MetadataField>(), replaceData, mergeMetadataSettings);
         }
+
+        public ItemUpdateType BeforeSave(Episode item)
+        {
+            return BeforeSaveInternal(item, false, ItemUpdateType.None);
+        }
     }
 }

tests/Jellyfin.Providers.Tests/Tmdb/TmdbUtilsTests.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.Entities.Movies;
 using MediaBrowser.Model.Entities;
 using MediaBrowser.Providers.Plugins.Tmdb;
+using TMDbLib.Objects.Search;
 using Xunit;
 
 namespace Jellyfin.Providers.Tests.Tmdb
@@ -71,5 +74,169 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Providers.Tests.Tmdb
             Assert.False(new Movie().TryGetTmdbId(out var tmdbId));
             Assert.Equal(0, tmdbId);
         }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [InlineData("The Amityville Horror", "The Amityville Horror")]
+        [InlineData("WALL-E", "WALL E")]
+        // The interpunct is kept, it matches the TMDb title better than a space does.
+        [InlineData("WALL·E", "WALL·E")]
+        [InlineData("50-50", "50 50")]
+        [InlineData("A Christmas No. 1", "A Christmas No 1")]
+        // Vulgar fractions are numbers, dropping them turned "8½" into a search for "8".
+        [InlineData("8½", "8½")]
+        [InlineData("9½ Weeks", "9½ Weeks")]
+        [InlineData("  Léon: The Professional  ", "Léon The Professional")]
+        public static void CleanName_Valid_Success(string name, string expected)
+        {
+            Assert.Equal(expected, TmdbUtils.CleanName(name));
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [InlineData("WALL-E", "wall e")]
+        [InlineData("WALL·E", "wall e")]
+        [InlineData("WALL E", "wall e")]
+        [InlineData("8½", "8½")]
+        [InlineData("Ocean's Eleven", "ocean s eleven")]
+        [InlineData(null, "")]
+        [InlineData("   ", "")]
+        public static void NormalizeTitle_Valid_Success(string? title, string expected)
+        {
+            Assert.Equal(expected, TmdbUtils.NormalizeTitle(title));
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [MemberData(nameof(FindBestMatch_Movies_TestData))]
+        public static void FindBestMatch_Movies_PicksExpected(string description, string name, int year, IReadOnlyList<SearchMovie> results, int expectedId)
+        {
+            var match = TmdbUtils.FindBestMatch(results, name, year);
+
+            Assert.NotNull(match);
+            Assert.True(expectedId == match.Id, $"{description}: expected {expectedId} but matched {match.Id}");
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public static void FindBestMatch_Series_PicksMatchingFirstAirYear()
+        {
+            IReadOnlyList<SearchTv> results =
+            [
+                Series(10042, "Doc", "Doc", 2001),
+                Series(101048, "Doc", "Doc", 2020),
+                Series(255055, "Doc", "Doc", 2025),
+                Series(2430, "Doc Martin", "Doc Martin", 2004)
+            ];
+
+            var match = TmdbUtils.FindBestMatch(results, "Doc", 2025);
+
+            Assert.NotNull(match);
+            Assert.Equal(255055, match.Id);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public static void FindBestMatch_NoResults_ReturnsNull()
+        {
+            Assert.Null(TmdbUtils.FindBestMatch(Array.Empty<SearchMovie>(), "Mulan", 2020));
+            Assert.Null(TmdbUtils.FindBestMatch(Array.Empty<SearchTv>(), "Doc", 2025));
+            Assert.Null(TmdbUtils.FindBestMatch((IReadOnlyList<SearchMovie>?)null, "Mulan", 2020));
+            Assert.Null(TmdbUtils.FindBestMatch((IReadOnlyList<SearchTv>?)null, "Doc", 2025));
+        }
+
+        public static TheoryData<string, string, int, IReadOnlyList<SearchMovie>, int> FindBestMatch_Movies_TestData()
+            => new()
+            {
+                // TMDb's year parameter does not filter, so the remake and the original both come back and
+                // the wrong one is first. Results are in the order the live API returned them.
+                {
+                    "Mulan (2020)", "Mulan", 2020,
+                    [Movie(10674, "Mulan", "Mulan", 1998), Movie(337401, "Mulan", "Mulan", 2020), Movie(752662, "Hua Mulan", "花木兰", 2020)],
+                    337401
+                },
+                {
+                    "Mulan (1998)", "Mulan", 1998,
+                    [Movie(10674, "Mulan", "Mulan", 1998), Movie(337401, "Mulan", "Mulan", 2020), Movie(752662, "Hua Mulan", "花木兰", 2020)],
+                    10674
+                },
+                {
+                    "Aladdin (2019)", "Aladdin", 2019,
+                    [Movie(812, "Aladdin", "Aladdin", 1992), Movie(420817, "Aladdin", "Aladdin", 2019), Movie(602411, "Adventures of Aladdin", "Adventures of Aladdin", 2019)],
+                    420817
+                },
+                {
+                    "The Lion King (2019)", "The Lion King", 2019,
+                    [Movie(8587, "The Lion King", "The Lion King", 1994), Movie(420818, "The Lion King", "The Lion King", 2019)],
+                    420818
+                },
+                {
+                    "The Amityville Horror (1979)", "The Amityville Horror", 1979,
+                    [Movie(10065, "The Amityville Horror", "The Amityville Horror", 2005), Movie(11449, "The Amityville Horror", "The Amityville Horror", 1979)],
+                    11449
+                },
+                // A featurette outranks the film it belongs to. The interpunct must not stop "WALL-E" from
+                // matching "WALL·E", or the prefix match on the featurette wins.
+                {
+                    "WALL-E (2008)", "WALL-E", 2008,
+                    [Movie(877268, "WALL·E's Treasures & Trinkets", "WALL·E's Treasures & Trinkets", 2008), Movie(10681, "WALL·E", "WALL·E", 2008), Movie(10673, "Wall Street", "Wall Street", 1987)],
+                    10681
+                },
+                // The name only survives as "8" if the fraction is stripped, and then every 1963 result ties.
+                {
+                    "8½ (1963)", "8½", 1963,
+                    [Movie(422801, "Interpol Code 8", "国際秘密警察　指令第８号", 1963), Movie(520251, "Um 8 Uhr kommt Sadowski", "Um 8 Uhr kommt Sadowski", 1963), Movie(422, "8½", "8½", 1963)],
+                    422
+                },
+                // Matched on the original title, the localized one is unrecognizable.
+                {
+                    "Ściany mają uszy (1966)", "Ściany mają uszy", 1966,
+                    [Movie(1, "Something Else", "Something Else", 1966), Movie(2, "Walls Have Ears", "Ściany mają uszy", 1966)],
+                    2
+                },
+                // Regional release dates straddle the new year, so a year that is off by one still matches.
+                {
+                    "Off by one year", "Some Movie", 2011,
+                    [Movie(1, "Some Movie", "Some Movie", 2015), Movie(2, "Some Movie", "Some Movie", 2010)],
+                    2
+                },
+                // Nothing matches the name, so TMDb's own ordering is kept.
+                {
+                    "A Christmas No. 1 (2021)", "A Christmas No. 1", 2021,
+                    [Movie(878111, "A Christmas Number One", "A Christmas Number One", 2021), Movie(2, "Ten Hours for Christmas", "10 Horas para o Natal", 2021)],
+                    878111
+                },
+                // A title that matches always beats one that only shares the year.
+                {
+                    "Title outranks year", "Some Movie", 2020,
+                    [Movie(1, "A Different Movie", "A Different Movie", 2020), Movie(2, "Some Movie", "Some Movie", 1994)],
+                    2
+                },
+                // Without a year the title alone decides, and equally good titles keep TMDb's order.
+                {
+                    "No year known", "Mulan", 0,
+                    [Movie(10674, "Mulan", "Mulan", 1998), Movie(337401, "Mulan", "Mulan", 2020)],
+                    10674
+                },
+                // An unparsable name must not throw or reorder anything.
+                {
+                    "Empty name", "  ", 2020,
+                    [Movie(1, "Some Movie", "Some Movie", 1994), Movie(2, "Some Movie", "Some Movie", 2020)],
+                    1
+                }
+            };
+
+        private static SearchMovie Movie(int id, string title, string originalTitle, int year)
+            => new()
+            {
+                Id = id,
+                Title = title,
+                OriginalTitle = originalTitle,
+                ReleaseDate = new DateTime(year, 6, 1, 0, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc)
+            };
+
+        private static SearchTv Series(int id, string name, string originalName, int year)
+            => new()
+            {
+                Id = id,
+                Name = name,
+                OriginalName = originalName,
+                FirstAirDate = new DateTime(year, 6, 1, 0, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc)
+            };
     }
 }

tests/Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests/EntryPoints/LibraryChangedNotifierTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Emby.Server.Implementations.EntryPoints;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.Configuration;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.Entities;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.Library;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.Providers;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.Session;
+using MediaBrowser.Model.Configuration;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging.Abstractions;
+using Moq;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests.EntryPoints;
+
+public class LibraryChangedNotifierTests
+{
+    // How long a test waits for the notifier's timer callback to run. Generous: the assertions are
+    // about a batch being sent at all, not about how promptly.
+    private static readonly TimeSpan _flushTimeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(15);
+
+    private readonly Mock<ILibraryManager> _libraryManager = new();
+    private readonly Mock<IServerConfigurationManager> _configurationManager = new();
+    private readonly Mock<ISessionManager> _sessionManager = new();
+    private readonly Mock<IUserManager> _userManager = new();
+    private readonly Mock<IProviderManager> _providerManager = new();
+    private readonly ServerConfiguration _configuration = new();
+
+    private int _flushCount;
+
+    public LibraryChangedNotifierTests()
+    {
+        _configurationManager.SetupGet(e => e.Configuration).Returns(_configuration);
+
+        // Reading the session list is the first thing a flush does, so it stands in for "a batch was
+        // sent" without having to mock a whole user library behind it.
+        _sessionManager.SetupGet(e => e.Sessions)
+            .Returns(() =>
+            {
+                Interlocked.Increment(ref _flushCount);
+                return [];
+            });
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task OnLibraryItemUpdated_BatchSizeCapReached_SendsWithoutWaitingForWindow()
+    {
+        // Long enough that only the size cap can close the batch.
+        _configuration.LibraryUpdateDuration = 3600;
+
+        var notifier = CreateNotifier();
+        await notifier.StartAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < LibraryChangedNotifier.MaxBatchSize; i++)
+        {
+            RaiseItemUpdated();
+        }
+
+        Assert.True(await WaitForFlushAsync(1), "The batch was not sent once it hit the size cap.");
+
+        await notifier.StopAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        notifier.Dispose();
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task OnLibraryItemUpdated_ChangesNeverPause_StillSendsOnTheWindow()
+    {
+        // A scan changes items continuously. The window must run from the first change of a batch, or
+        // the batch never closes and holds every item it named alive for the length of the scan.
+        _configuration.LibraryUpdateDuration = 1;
+
+        var notifier = CreateNotifier();
+        await notifier.StartAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+
+        var stopwatch = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+        while (stopwatch.Elapsed < _flushTimeout && Volatile.Read(ref _flushCount) == 0)
+        {
+            // Well below the window, and well below the size cap over the whole loop.
+            RaiseItemUpdated();
+            await Task.Delay(25, TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        Assert.True(Volatile.Read(ref _flushCount) > 0, "The batch was never sent while changes kept arriving.");
+
+        await notifier.StopAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        notifier.Dispose();
+    }
+
+    private LibraryChangedNotifier CreateNotifier()
+        => new(
+            _libraryManager.Object,
+            _configurationManager.Object,
+            _sessionManager.Object,
+            _userManager.Object,
+            NullLogger<LibraryChangedNotifier>.Instance,
+            _providerManager.Object);
+
+    // A folder passes the notifier's item filter without needing any of BaseItem's static services.
+    private void RaiseItemUpdated()
+        => _libraryManager.Raise(
+            e => e.ItemUpdated += null,
+            _libraryManager.Object,
+            new ItemChangeEventArgs { Item = new Folder { Id = Guid.NewGuid() } });
+
+    private async Task<bool> WaitForFlushAsync(int expected)
+    {
+        var stopwatch = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+        while (stopwatch.Elapsed < _flushTimeout)
+        {
+            if (Volatile.Read(ref _flushCount) >= expected)
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            await Task.Delay(25, TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+}

tests/Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests/EntryPoints/UserDataChangeNotifierTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+using System;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Emby.Server.Implementations.EntryPoints;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.Entities;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.Library;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.Session;
+using MediaBrowser.Model.Entities;
+using MediaBrowser.Model.Session;
+using Moq;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests.EntryPoints;
+
+public class UserDataChangeNotifierTests
+{
+    // How long a test waits for the notifier's timer callback to run. Generous: the assertions are
+    // about a batch being sent at all, not about how promptly.
+    private static readonly TimeSpan _flushTimeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(15);
+
+    private readonly Mock<IUserDataManager> _userDataManager = new();
+    private readonly Mock<ISessionManager> _sessionManager = new();
+    private readonly Mock<IUserManager> _userManager = new();
+
+    private int _flushCount;
+
+    public UserDataChangeNotifierTests()
+    {
+        _sessionManager
+            .Setup(e => e.SendMessageToUserSessions(
+                It.IsAny<System.Collections.Generic.List<Guid>>(),
+                SessionMessageType.UserDataChanged,
+                It.IsAny<Func<UserDataChangeInfo>>(),
+                It.IsAny<CancellationToken>()))
+            .Callback(() => Interlocked.Increment(ref _flushCount))
+            .Returns(Task.CompletedTask);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task OnUserDataSaved_ChangesNeverPause_StillSendsOnTheWindow()
+    {
+        // A scan changes user data continuously. The window must run from the first change of a batch,
+        // or the batch never closes and holds every item it named alive for the length of the scan.
+        var notifier = CreateNotifier();
+        await notifier.StartAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+
+        var userId = Guid.NewGuid();
+        var stopwatch = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+        while (stopwatch.Elapsed < _flushTimeout && Volatile.Read(ref _flushCount) == 0)
+        {
+            // Well below the window, and well below the size cap over the whole loop.
+            RaiseUserDataSaved(userId);
+            await Task.Delay(25, TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        Assert.True(Volatile.Read(ref _flushCount) > 0, "The batch was never sent while changes kept arriving.");
+
+        await notifier.StopAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        notifier.Dispose();
+    }
+
+    private UserDataChangeNotifier CreateNotifier()
+        => new(_userDataManager.Object, _sessionManager.Object, _userManager.Object);
+
+    // A folder needs none of BaseItem's static services, and PlaybackProgress is the one reason the
+    // notifier ignores outright.
+    private void RaiseUserDataSaved(Guid userId)
+        => _userDataManager.Raise(
+            e => e.UserDataSaved += null,
+            _userDataManager.Object,
+            new UserDataSaveEventArgs
+            {
+                UserId = userId,
+                SaveReason = UserDataSaveReason.UpdateUserRating,
+                Item = new Folder { Id = Guid.NewGuid() }
+            });
+}